My First Job

My First Job I landed my tease position at sixteen on the grounds that my folks required it. In any case, I had no aim of finding a new line of work and needed to keep being a young person where I had little duty. As I checked out my old neighborhood for a vocation, I found that there were not a great deal accessible. I at last had the option to get a new Line of work near my home at a neighborhood Dairy Queen working for the lowest pay permitted by law. Since I had a Job I needed to settle on choices in time I spent between companions, games, and now work. Having an occupation gave me another point of view toward life.It showed me the significance of cash and the results of my money related choices. It additionally helped me to comprehend the control I required on the progression of my accounts and en route showed me numerous life exercises. The principal day of my Job was November 1 strip, 2012 and I was fearing It. I had heard accounts of how awful functioning In cheap food Is and I had no Clue about what to think. As I showed up on I had blended sentiments of dread and fervor. Wearing khaki shorts and a Dairy Queen polo I strolled in to my first employment. I was welcomed with grins and neighborly comments, for example, great morning.The chief clarified where I would be working and advised me to wash my hands. As I strolled to the flame broil region, where I would be working at, I saw an extremely spotless and very much kept station. My associates were all quite supportive. As the move came excessively close I understood that possibly this wouldn't be as terrible as everybody had said. I immediately learned essentials of the flame broil and got a couple of stunts en route. I took in the exact opportunity to haul the fries out, how to appropriately cook a chicken sandwich, and to continually be loaded. Being loaded was a key factor In progress cause I never knew when a group transport would pull up and I would get very busy.I recollect reaching the finish of a bustling movement and talking that didn't appear SIX hours. The moderate movements were horrible in light of the fact that I wouldn't have anything to do and the hours would haul by. The principal strife I at any point had at work came during a bustling day in the late spring. I was working the barbecue and we were pummeled. There were several softball fields not far off and they had held a competition before that day. Was buckling down attempting to take care of the requests in an opportune way when I heard somebody shout about us not working cast enough.I found that extremely impolite to my colleagues and me since we were buckling down. Presently regardless of to what extent I hang tight for food at a limitation I never gripe since I see how hard It can get. After I had been a Dally Queen for half a month I was planned an end move. This being my first Job I had no clue about what's in store. At the point when my first shutting shift approached the end and I realized I was In fo r a taxing night. Right off the bat, we were not permitted to begin shutting until the last client left the store and that wasn't until around ten enormous.There was no clothes washer in this store so every dish was to be washed by hand and there were around 100 dishes. The broad of the eatery must be great and if there was a morsel left it would need to be revamped. That first shutting shift I didn't leave the store until late. I figured out how to fear those end shifts and just at any point attempted to plan day shifts. I proceeded to go through 5 months at Dairy Queen yet as my monetary need developed I realized it was the ideal opportunity for me to proceed onward. I valued the open door the organization had given me and the information they gave me.When I turned in my fourteen day notice it was met with distress and well wishes. I understood in those most recent fourteen days I invested heavily in my work and delighted in it all the more then previously. My last day was loaded up with farewells to my colleagues who presently had become my companions. As I checked out my last time I understood that I never needed to work in the inexpensive food industry again. The express work I did at Dairy Queen was planning food and keeping up the fryers. The verifiable work I did was committing the food quicker without making errors. When shutting however my unequivocal and understood work changed.Then my express work was to wash dishes and clear the floors. My verifiable work was to wash the dishes rapidly and effectively clearing up the earth and rubbish. Now and again I enjoyed my Job and there were different occasions I loathed it. I preferred that as a young person I had the option to pay for my own gas and furthermore have some cash on the off chance that I needed to purchase something. I additionally enjoyed it since it gave me an awareness of other's expectations in light of the fact that the individuals at my Job were relying on me to appear for my works day. However, I additionally didn't care for my Job since I would now and then pass up spending time with my companions cause I needed to work.I got a couple of abilities during my time at Dairy Queen, for example, how to make a frozen custard, duty, persistence, and appreciation. The one that I loved the most was the means by which to make an ideal gelato. The second ability that I obtained at Dairy Queen was obligation. I needed to have obligation in appearing on schedule for my works day, keeping my territory away from garbage, keeping my hands sterile, and keeping my food things very much loaded. I figured out how to have more persistence with clients in light of the fact that in the food business clients can get bit nasty.Finally I figured out how to acknowledge what representatives functioning in inexpensive food do. My first Job truly transformed myself in quite a while. It allowed me the chance to be monetarily mindful and to figure out how to deal with my funds. It likewise show ed me many life exercises and ways I could develop myself in a work place climate. I likewise had the option to utilize it as a resume developer and I utilize my director as a kind of perspective for different employments. My first Job might not have been the best however I will utilize it as a device for the future and will keep on expanding on what it educated me.

Business Capstone Audit Committee

Question: Talk about the Business Capstone Audit Committee. Answer: Presentation: The prime motivation behind this exploration study is to examine whether consideration of assorted variety in the review advisory group has influenced the presentation level or not. Numerous examinations have referenced the way that consideration of female individuals on the review council can expand the adequacy of the corporate administration by their moral and moderate characteristics (Liao, Luo and Tang 2015). Truth be told, consideration of female individuals in the review panel conveys a productive message to all the capital market members. Presently, monetary execution has significant effect on the strength of the association that can in the long run hamper its endurance design. Thus, various associations center around starting various techniques with the goal that it can ready to satisfy all the necessities of the partners in a proper manner. In this examination study, the prime spotlight will on the assessment with respect to the sort of effect that assorted variety can have on the presentation level of the review advisory group. Besides, the exploration study will likewise concentrate on the effect of having female CEO in the viability of the operational procedure of an association. Thus, the exploration study will concentrate on directing inside and out examination through the development of compelling theory with the goal that it can satisfy all the exploration targets in a fitting way. The prime point of the exploration study is to assess the importance of remembering decent variety for the evaluating board of trustees or corporate administration on the exhibition level of the association. Inspiration of the examination venture: Review council consistently has had a basic influence in taking care of any difficulties related with the corporate administration. Truth be told, senior administration or top managerial staff depend intensely on the presentation level of review advisory group for the satisfaction of the hierarchical duties in a proper way (Nekhili and Gatfaoui 2013). Hence, keeping up the exhibition level of review council is essential for dealing with any corporate administration issue. Presently, the exploration study will attempt to assess the sort of effect that incorporation of assorted variety can have on the viability of the exhibition level of the review board of trustees. In this way, the exploration is principally engaged towards the successful future ramifications of the review board of trustees with the goal that associations can ready to satisfy their duties in a suitable way. Research objective: The destinations of the exploration study are as per the following: To assess the effect of sex decent variety on the viability of the review advisory group To portray the effect of remembering female workers for the nature of the review reports To feature the job of decent variety inside the review panel in enormous global associations To assess the effect generally installment or decrease of review expenses on the enhanced review board of trustees Substance of the examination: In this examination study, the prime spotlight has been given on the review panel and its related difficulties that can make significant effect on the general business forms. Presently, review board of trustees assumes a basic job in each huge global association, where they principally center around the executives exercises and inside elements of the association. In this way, the adequacy of the review advisory group relies upon effective approaches and practices that are created on satisfying bookkeeping, operational and administrative compliances of any significant business substance in a proper way (Gul, Hutchinson and Lai 2013). The criticalness of the exploration subject is that it is concentrating on the assessment of the effect that consideration of female corporate administrators have on the review board of trustees. The substance of this exploration study has likewise centered around featuring positive and negative parts of remembering female portrayal for review board of tr ustees or corporate administration. Therefore, the examination study is basically engaged towards distinguishing the most ideal approach to deal with difficulties related with differentiated review board and low installment related issues in a fitting manner. H0: Gender assorted variety does makes sway on the viability level of the review council H1: Gender decent variety doesn't makes sway on the adequacy level of the review board of trustees According to the article by Abbott, Parker and Presley (2012) corporate administration dependent on the review has prevalent effect on the determinants of the review expenses and review delays as it features on the qualities, board steadiness and ability. Numerous investigations have featured the way that incorporation of sexual orientation decent variety has made positive effect on the adequacy of the review quality (Cumming, Leung and Rui 2015). It has been surveyed that consideration of sexual orientation decent variety regularly permits reviewing group to deal with a touchy issues in a proper way. Presently, the prime goal of shaping the examining panel is to improve inspecting quality so top managerial staff doesn't need to confront enormous sum difficulties in taking care of inner business condition. In any case, Fauzi and Locke (2012) have referenced that the viability of the examining board of trustees relies upon the variables like size, opportunity and recurrence of the gat herings. Hence, it has gotten essential for all the significant associations to concentrate on giving legitimate degree of opportunity to the reviewing board of trustees. Presently, consideration of broadened reviewing board of trustees will give that a lot of opportunity with the goal that they can perform they are obligations in a suitable way. Thus, consideration of expanded corporate administrators will help the evaluating panel to work all the more uninhibitedly, which will assist with upgrading the exhibition level in a successful manner. According to the article by Johnson, Schnatterly and Hill (2012) sythesis, duties and force would need to be used by review board of trustees to execute obligations identified with corporate administration in a proper way. It has been evaluated that consideration of expand corporate administrators will assist with recognizing any need of new compliances for the satisfaction of hierarchical obligations in a fitting manner. Besides, support of assorted variety inside the council will permit understanding points of view of the female representatives working in various association, which will in the long run permit governing body to start appropriate guidelines or approaches inside the hierarchical structure (Rhode and Packel 2014). In addition, consideration of assorted variety permits business elements to keep up a few government started approaches in a proper manner. Therefore, it really will permit business elements to stay significantly more moral in regards to the difficulties rela ted with the global business (Wachudi and Mboya 2012). Consideration of sex decent variety in inspecting advisory group assists with accomplishing more extravagant data condition and higher profit quality that solitary male individuals can't ready to make in a powerful manner. It has been surveyed that incorporation of sex assorted variety that improves data condition through the escalated oversight contrasted with their male partners. Therefore, it very well may be referenced that incorporation of sexual orientation decent variety in the examining board of trustees assists with upgrading the viability of the presentation level of the reviewing council. H0: Inclusion female corporate officials does makes unfavorable effect on the nature of the review reports H1: Inclusion female corporate officials doesn't makes positive effect on the nature of the review reports According to the article by Doldor et al. (2012) better quality review is portray than improve revealing quality in assorted settings. It has been evaluated that governing body can viably request and impact the reviewers attract better exertion than secure notoriety capital, advance investor premium and maintain a strategic distance from lawful liabilities in a suitable manner. Consideration of female representatives can help inspecting panel to console minority investors and improve the revealing quality, which will assist with upgrading the nature of the review reports. Moreover, incorporation of female corporate officials can upgrade the revealing nature of a politically associated business elements and accordingly ensure the speculators in a viable manner. According to the article by Dunn (2012) sexual orientation expanded sheets are bound to use outer reviewing as the prime component to improve nature of the inspecting report. Studies in Psychology, Sociology and Finance display s the way that sheets with female chiefs examine unpalatable and increasingly troublesome issues contrasted sheets and all-male in a powerful manner. According to the article by Qi and Tian (2012), incorporation of female corporate administrators frequently permits to carry point of view to the diverse executive gatherings that are totally not quite the same as those with just male chiefs. Be that as it may, consideration of more viewpoints requests greater validity and objectivity in the supporting data. Along these lines, more excellent examiners render scattering and age of trustable data through its affirmation and check process. Moreover, consideration of sexual orientation differentiated board improve the data condition and income quality in a suitable manner. As featured by Adesua Lincoln and Adedoyin (2012) sexual orientation various advisory group are bound to accomplish those results by boosting master examiners and drawing in them to apply predominant exertion in a viable manner. Especially, sexual orientation various top managerial staff improves review quality by drawing in with the outside inspectors so all the diffi culties related with the consistence strategies in a suitable way. From the previous not many years record, it is clear that review panel with female executives frequently request better review that require more exertion from the evaluators. Along these lines, it demonstrates the way that incorporation of female chief builds the quality required in the review report so inward condition can be han

gigas

gigas During our interview trip in Spain, we interviewed Diego Cabezudo CEO and co-founder of Gigas, a start-up based in Madrid. Gigas is an innovative cloud hosting provider with a leading position in Spanish speaking countries.Diego as a spirited entrepreneur shared his insights about the business model of Gigas, the market development of cloud hosting, and his advice to first time entrepreneurs.Interviewer: Hi. Today we are in Madrid with Gigas. Diego, who are you and what do you do?Diego: Hi. I am one of the co-founders of Gigas. We started in 2011. Just to start with a bit of background for myself and the team as well, we were five founders that started the company and all of us came from telecom and internet. So our background is of both big multinationals and startups. I am the only one that did not go through Ya.com, but the rest of the team comes from Ya.com, which was at the time the largest portal in Spanish speaking world, and also the second largest ISP in Spain. It was start ed in 1999 and it was extremely successful, and less than two years later was sold to Deutsche Telekom, so it was one of the big successes, if not the largest, in the internet in Spain. So our president was the CEO there that led the sales, and our CTO was the CTO, and actually all the technical guys, the system administrators come from there, which is a great background because obviously they were managing like five hundred servers, huge amount of traffic, high availability, and that’s really what you want out of a hosting company.Myself I’m mostly telecom. I was in TeleCable, which was one of the first cable ISPs here in Spain, and a very successful one. I was actually the first employee of the company, because it was a company set up by the electrical company so they put three of their guys and then hired a young trainee, and that was me, so that was a great experience. And then I’ve been also in other telecom companies like O2 where I was the head of strategy, or business and technology, so quite interesting as well. And then also in smaller companies and startups like Fon, the Wi-Fi company. And my last role was the CEO of an IT managed services company. That was a Spanish company and I expanded it into the State and Brazil, Mexico, Latin America, quite successfully. So quite similar to what I am doing now.And also I think the background in telecom is quite important because historically hosting has come from more like the computer guys, and I think telecoms and software have different views of the world. Telecoms really understand what five nines are in terms of high availability and things like that, whereas in the software industry if something goes wrong you just switch the machine and it gets solved. So I think that’s very good as well.Basically what we do is what is called cloud hosting or infrastructure as a service, which is basically the technical jargon for renting servers in the cloud. So instead of buying your equipment, you just go to our website or through one of our sales channels and get a certain amount of computer resources and storage, etc., and you set up your servers and your infrastructure. So obviously there has been a change of paradigm in terms of providing IT services. I remember only a few years ago â€" I’m talking of four or five years ago â€" you had to buy hardware and always oversize just in case for the peaks. It’s quite interesting, the sector has evolved so much. Now, for example, we’ve just launched a really good feature that we call tele-transportation, and it’s actually quite unique in the world, no other provider has it yet, and we can move a virtual machine from machine to Madrid to Miami, where we have two data centers, we can move the machine without rebooting the machine, without changing the IP address. So it’s really cool, like you have one machine serving traffic in Madrid, and two seconds later you have it serving traffic in Miami, so it’s like tele-transportation.Int erviewer: This is also beneficial for the client because the loading speed of the website improves.Diego: Exactly. What we’ve done so far is always listen to our customers and see what they really needed. So obviously we can’t compete with the large multinationals and the large hosters that have tons of engineers developing new products every day, but we really focus on things that our customers demand. So we have some of our large customers who have a lot of traffic on both sides of the Atlantic, what do they do to be closer to their end-customer, to replicate their infrastructure? So they have, imagine, ten servers here in Spain serving traffic and another ten in America. During the European day the one in Europe are really busy and the ones in America are doing nothing, then at night time it’s the opposite.These we developed with two uses in mind. First of all for contingency, for business continuity, so if something happens here you can move your infrastructure there. But also for a feature that we follow ‘follow the sun’, so in this scenario that I was telling you, replicating infrastructure, that type of customer what they have now is ten servers in Spain and in one or two in America during the day, so you have these ones that are really busy and then a couple there for the night owls that are looking at the websites in the middle of the night. And then when the sun starts coming down and the traffic patterns start to change then you start moving machines. So suddenly instead of ten plus two, you have a nine plus three, or eight plus four. And then 24 hours later you reverse the situation, and you do that twice a day. Basically what you get at the end of the day is that you save almost 50% of your costs.Interviewer: I understood that you were trying to develop some software in order to utilize your service much better and more efficiently, and thereby increasing your margins or lowering your prices for the customers. What is the major differenc e between your product offering and the product offering of another company?Diego: I think there are two questions there, one about the software and then the infrastructure. But starting with the second one in terms of our competitive advantage or difference with other providers, one of the most important things, or the key has been our customer support and our local element, what I call being a local company. We are trying to be a global company, and actually we have offices already in five countries and we’re opening a sixth this month, but by being local. And this is quite important, because I remember when I started the company and we started looking for funding, some investors said to me, “You are absolutely crazy. Don’t go into this game, this is for the big ones and you have nothing to do.” And I always defended that there is a very strong local element to this type of service, and I think time has proved us right. 3,000 customers later, with a growth in revenues and being the leader in the cloud hosting space in Spain has proved that we were right, because at the end of the day the type of services that we offer are absolutely critical for our customers. It’s not like four years ago or ten years ago that you’d put a website the same as you would leave a brochure somewhere, and if it was down a couple of days, doesn’t matter. And now some of our customers it’s their whole life, all their business is online. So obviously they can’t be down, not even one second for some of them.So the fact that you have a local company that you can talk on the phone with someone in Spanish, which is quite important, other services support is in English and by e-mail, and both are big barriers for Spanish speaking countries. One, because we are terrible at languages, unfortunately, so people want to talk in Spanish and want to be able to communicate in Spanish. And also we like to talk. People don’t like sending e-mails and waiting for a reply. To be ho nest, for a service that is mission critical, it’s not acceptable.So we started with a really good customer service, obviously with local telephone support in all the countries where we are, in Spanish, in English as well, we have bilingual staff, but the important part is Spanish. And it is also run by engineers, so we only have engineers and system administrators. So our first level of support is equivalent to a second or even third level of another provider or telecom or things like that. So that has been for us the best marketing, the best customer appreciation too. And actually till today more than 35% of new customers every month come referred by existing customers.Interviewer: I understood that customer service is quite an important point for getting competitive advantage, is there anything special about your product that is different from bluehost or other hosting or other hosting providers that generates, from your perspective, competitive advantage?Diego: Obviously custo mer service is really important, but you need to have a good product, because at the end it’s the most important thing. So we’ve always done two thing, focus on the quality of the product, so we’re not the cheapest in the market, but we offer very good quality services and people realize and talk about it. But also we’ve taken a different approach in many areas, and I think that has actually worked quite well. As I was saying, we launched with what we thought was the very minimum and have been growing our customers. So just to give you some examples of things that we do differently, I think there are two main differences especially with the large multinationals. One is the philosophical approach that we’ve taken, and that’s getting a competitive advantage from a usability point of view, customer experience. In the beginning when we set up the company, our target were the small and mid sized companies. We thought that the big companies were already sorted, they had their technology needs sorted, so we wanted to offer this type of technology and benefits to the smaller companies. Therefore, we spent a lot of time and effort in the control panel, the user interface, the usability, the customer experience. And then to our surprise we started receiving calls from very large companies that they were interested in this service. And it has happened that that which we designed for non-techies actually the techies are now loving it. So we try to make things extremely easy from a user point of view, from a usability and user experience, and also from a cost experience.Interviewer: The good thing about that is that even though you have invested a lot of money into the good customer service, you still, I would assume, get less calls because people don’t have problems, or at least they can solve them by themselves.Diego: Exactly. And there is no learning curve. Normally in this type of business when you acquire a customer you have very intensive 30 days or mor e, four to six week period where you have a lot of interaction. With us it doesn’t really happen like that, because people can do everything, it’s very intuitive. So we didn’t plan it that way, but it has become a competitive advantage.Interviewer: Let’s talk briefly about the market development in the Spanish speaking world in terms of the whole cloud hosting. Can you tell us for example about the market segment how they develop in terms of sales, gross rates, profitability, and what would be your guess for the future?Diego: The hosting market in general in the Spanish speaking markets is much less developed than for example the UK market, which is the largest market in Europe, or Germany that is the second largest. And this is quite similar both in Spain and in Latin America. Historically people have had their own infrastructure in-house, it’s what we normally call hosting in the closet, because it is normally like a small closet that you have in the office and you have your machines there. So it hasn’t had as much development as in other countries or obviously the States, which is the largest market in the world for these types of services.And then the market is extremely fragmented. For example, here in Spain there are about 2,000 hosting companies. The market would be around €600 million per year, and the largest one has revenue of €40 million. So that gives you an idea. There are couple of companies that are larger with €30 or €40 million, and then all the rest are below €10 million. So it is an extremely fragmented market. In South America it’s even more fragmented. It is a very fragmented market with traditional hosting companies, so they’ve been, first, very focused on share hosting, which is how they started, so you buy a physical machine and you try to squeeze in a few thousand customers. Then they moved to dedicated hosting, you have your own physical machine. That was what gave the growth in Spain for the last two to thre e years. And when we started in the market we were almost the first to offer cloud hosting services as a local provider. For the rest it was it was difficult to follow us, because the large ones were worried cannibalizing their own dedicated server base, and they small ones couldn’t really afford to invest in infrastructure, because the cloud infrastructure is quite different from the dedicated servers or the shadow hosting, and then you need all the platform and stuff that requires a lot of development effort. So in that sense we launched and we were quite successful. What we see is that a lot of the dedicated servers are decreasing, and that space is being taken by virtual private servers, VPS, on the low side, and then on the medium market and the corporates for what we call cloud services.In terms of the market, just to give some size, I talked about the size in the Spanish market as a whole hosting being 600 million, the part of cloud hosting we estimate to be like 120 millio n. There very limited information about the size of the market, especially in Spain and Latin America, but the analysts, even the most conservative ones, estimate that in the regions we operate, let’s say the Spanish speaking market, Spain and Spanish Latin America, it would be $350 million or $400 million at the moment and growing in the next three years, so in 2016 with $1.2 billion. So the growth rates are phenomenal. We are seeing it in the market. In Spain we estimate that it’s grown about 40% in the couple of years. In Latin America over 50% in most of the markets we’re in. And our experience, we’re growing in terms of revenues double digit every month, month after month. So it’s a very very healthy growth.Interviewer: We always try to tell our readers about some unique experiences from entrepreneurs, and as we are here today in Madrid would you like to tell about the impact that the financial crisis had on you as a startup, and maybe generally on the ecosystem in Sp ain?Diego: Starting from our own experience, we didn’t set out the company because there was a crisis or we didn’t think about not setting it up because there was a crisis. We saw a business opportunity from the other side, we were very good customers of large hosters, we couldn’t get cloud hosting services in Spain, and we couldn’t get it in Spanish, so we thought there was a gap in the market and we decided to go for it. And this was the worst time of the crisis, when we were looking for funding it was the Spring of 2011 when Spain was at the verge of being intervened. So it was very difficult. We actually talked to investors abroad and they were saying, “Are you crazy, we are not putting any money in Spain.” And I remember one actually that said, “If you were in Germany I would invest.” And I said, okay, whatever. And probably if we were in Germany it wouldn’t work, because there are strong players there. But the market opportunity is here. It was challenging in that respect, getting the funding. Because we were very capital intensive we have to invest a lot in infrastructure, in customer service 24/7, etc., we needed quite a bit of money from Spanish standards. So it was a challenge.But then it has helped us a lot, because together with the crisis we had the worst credit crunch in Spanish history. As I said, historically companies like to buy their equipment and have it there in front of them and see the lights, and suddenly they went to direct HP, oh no, I can’t finance you. Vendor finance was gone. They went to their server retailers I need to rent it. Oh no, we can’t give it to you, unless you put the money here, a deposit. Well then I will buy it if I have the money in cash. So people suddenly couldn’t buy machines, or they couldn’t finance them, and a lot of the companies didn’t have the cash to invest. So some customers came to us almost like a financing alternative, and I remember for example a customer saying to us, “D iego, what I would really like is to buy the equipment and have it at home, but I can’t, so I will get it from you guys.” And then they started seeing the technical advantages. And now they’re getting more and more excited, and they say this is great because I have the advantages of having it in the house because I have full control over the control panel with the advantages of you guys taking care of all the infrastructure.For the ecosystem, I think it has been quite good. Obviously it’s a drama, unemployment rates here are absolutely incredible, especially with the young people. But one of the good things has been that people are certain to change their mentality. And Spain historically we’ve been a country of entrepreneurs, we travel the world discovering places and stuff, we’ve always been very venturous in that sense, and if I look back for somebody even in my own company, in my own family a generation back, every single person had their own business, be it a small coffee shop or architecture office, or whatever it was, but they were working for themselves. Whereas in the last 40, 50 years, it was quite the opposite. The best thing that could happen to you would be to work in a large company in Spain or for the government for your whole life. Work forty years and stuff. So that was the mentality until only three years ago. And I think with the crisis people started seeing that first of all those jobs are not as safe as they thought, unfortunately every single large company in Spain let people go, so they realized this is not a job for life. And people â€" some because of conviction and some, unfortunately, because of the situation they had â€" started their own thing and their companies, so there has been a move in terms of entrepreneurship.And also the cloud hosting industry historically has been very very small, and in the last three the money available has more than tripled. There are new funds, larger funds, there’s a lot more money avai lable for entrepreneurs, so that’s a good thing. And I think what we need now to close the circle is to have a good few exits that could encourage entrepreneurs to start their companies and also investors to put their money. And then you close the circle and things start working.Interviewer: Diego, thank you very much.Diego: It’s been a pleasure. Thank you for inviting myself and Gigas to talk to you.Interviewer: Yeah, and if you’re looking for a nice cloud hosting company, check out Gigas. Thanks.Diego: Thank you.

Animal Farm Themes, Symbols, Allegory

George Orwells Animal Farm is a political allegory about revolution and power. Through the tale of a group of farm animals who overthrow the owner of the farm, Animal Farm explores themes of totalitarianism, the corruption of ideals, and the power of language. Political Allegory Orwell frames his story as a political allegory; every character represents a figure from the Russian Revolution. Mr. Jones, the original human owner of the farm, represents the ineffective and incompetent Czar Nicholas II. The pigs represent key members of Bolshevik leadership: Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin, Snowball represents Leon Trotsky, and Squealer represents Vyacheslav Molotov. Other animals represent the working classes of Russia: initially passionate about revolution eventually manipulated into supporting a regime that was just as incompetent and arguably more brutal than the previous one. Totalitarianism Orwell argues that any revolution led by a small, conspiratorial group can only degenerate into oppression and tyranny. He makes this argument through the allegory of the farm. The revolution begins with firm principles of equality and justice, and initially, the results are positive, as the animals get to labor for their own direct benefit. However, as Orwell demonstrates, revolutionary leaders can become as corrupt and incompetent as the government they overthrew. The pigs adopt the human ways they once fiercely opposed (drinking whiskey, sleeping in beds), and they make business deals with farmers that benefit them alone. Meanwhile, the other animals see only negative changes in their lives. They continue to support Napoleon and work harder than ever despite the decline in quality of living. Eventually, the promises of heated stalls and electric light—what theyve been working for all along—become fantasy. Animal Farm suggests that totalitarianism and hypocrisy are endemic to the human condition. Without education and true empowerment of the lower classes, Orwell argues, society will always default to tyranny. Corruption of Ideals The pigs’ descent into corruption is a key element of the novel. Orwell, a socialist, believed the Russian Revolution had been corrupted by power-seekers like Stalin from the start. The animals revolution is initially led by Snowball, the key architect of Animalism; at first, Napoleon is a secondary player, much like Stalin. However, Napoleon plots in secret to seize power and drive Snowball away, undermining Snowballs policies and training the dogs to be his enforcers. The principles of equality and solidarity that inspired the animals become mere tools for Napoleon to seize power. The gradual erosion of these values reflects Orwell’s criticism of Stalin as nothing more than a tyrant hanging onto power through the fiction of a communist revolution. Orwell doesn’t reserve his vitriol for the leaders, however. The animals representing the people of Russia are depicted as complicit in this corruption through inaction, fear, and ignorance. Their dedication to Napoleon and the imaginary benefits of his leadership enable the pigs to maintain their hold on power, and the ability of the pigs to convince the other animals that their lives were better even as their lives become demonstrably worse is Orwell’s condemnation of the choice to submit to propaganda and magical thinking. Power of Language Animal Farm explores how propaganda can be used to control people. From the start of the novel, Orwell depicts the animals being manipulated by common propaganda techniques, including songs, slogans, and ever-changing information. Singing Beasts of England evokes an emotional response that reinforces the animals loyalty to both Animalism and the pigs. The adoption of slogans like Napoleon is always right or four legs good, two legs bad demonstrates their unfamiliarity with the complex philosophical and political concepts underlying the revolution. The constant alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism demonstrates how those in control of information can manipulate the rest of a population. The pigs, who serve as the leaders of the farm, are the only animals with a strong command of language. Snowball is an eloquent speaker who composes the philosophy of Animalism and persuades his fellow beasts with the power of his oratory. Squealer is adept at lying and spinning stories to maintain control. (For example, when the other animals are upset about Boxer’s cruel fate, Squealer quickly composes a fiction to defuse their anger and confuse the issue.) Napoleon, while not as smart or as eloquent as Snowball, is skilled at imposing his own false view on everyone around him, as when he falsely inserts himself into the historical record of the Battle of the Cowshed. Symbols As an allegorical novel, Animal Farm is rife with symbolism. Just as the animals represent individuals or groups from Russian history, the farm itself represents Russia, and the surrounding farms represent the European powers that witnessed the Russian Revolution. Orwell’s choices about which objects, events, or concepts to highlight are not driven by plot as in narrative fiction. Instead, his choices are carefully calibrated to evoke a desired response from the reader. Whiskey Whiskey represents corruption. When Animalism is founded, one of the commandments is ‛No animal shall drink alcohol.’ Slowly, however, Napoleon and the other pigs come to enjoy whiskey and its effects. The commandment is changed to ‛No animal shall drink alcohol to excess’ after Napoleon experiences his first hangover and learns how to moderate his whiskey consumption. When Boxer is sold to the Knacker, Napoleon uses the money to purchase whiskey. With this act, Napoleon fully embodies the human qualities that the animals once revolted against. The Windmill The windmill represents the attempt to modernize Russia and the general incompetence of Stalin’s regime. Snowball initially proposes the Windmill as a way of improving the farm’s living conditions; when Snowball is driven off, Napoleon claims it as his own idea, but his mismanagement of the project and the attacks from other landowners mean the project takes far longer to complete than expected. The final product is of inferior quality, much like many of the projects undertaken by the Soviets post-revolution. In the end the Windmill is used to enrich Napoleon and the other pigs at the expense of the other animals. The Commandments The Seven Commandments of Animalism, written on the barn wall for all to see, represent the power of propaganda and the malleable nature of history and information when the people are ignorant of the facts. The commandments are altered throughout the novel; each time they are changed indicates that the animals have moved even further away from their original principles.

Tragic Hero In Antigone - 948 Words

There are so many types of heroes in this world and they all have some impact that makes them a hero. Heroes can help save the day, be strong against others, help people in tough situations. In Sophocles Antigone, the tragic hero proves to be worthy of these traits as she presents herself to be stronger than the rest. She shows several characteristics that help her achieve this title. Although it is a high honor she had persevere in order to get to this point and it wasnt an easy task. For these accomplishments, Antigone has earned the title of a Tragic Hero. Antigone seems to be portrayed as weak and not capable of completing difficult tasks, but prove this to be incorrect in her conflicts with Creon. As Antigone confronts Creon, they†¦show more content†¦Although Creon may seem strong and can make Antigone seem weak, it doesnt stop her from reaching her full potential of being the master. As shown Creon currently holds the power but Antigone will continue to thrive in order to crown herself as being the master. Antigone is still on her quest to becoming the master as she plans to overtake Creon’s rule. Although it is a very high honor to be the master, it doesnt come easily and requires a lot of work and effort, which Antigone is willing to spend. Antigone and Creon havent completely figured out their situation, Antigone: I urge no more; nay, wert thou willing still, I would not welcome such a fellowship. Go thine own way; myself will bury him. How sweet to die in such employ, to rest,-- Sister and brother linked in love s embrace-- A sinless sinner, banned awhile on earth, But by the dead commended; and with them I shall abide for ever. As for thee, Scorn, if thou wilt, the eternal laws of Heaven† (2.3 55-60). Antigone shows determination to risk her own life in order to sacrifice for her brother, because he means a lot to her and she will do anything for him. This is such a kind action by Antigone to put so much courage into her brother and still be a potential candidate for the master. Antigone has always been a nice person and I feel like she will always be even as master,Show MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero in Antigone1018 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst established during the fourth century in the Poetics, where he defines what makes a tragic hero. Aristotle suggests that a tragic hero is a character who has a high social standing and embodies great nobility in his/her personality. They are neither a villain nor are they entirely good, but a person somewhat like us, raised to a higher position in society. In addition, the downfall of a tragic hero is caused by fault of their own, often through arrogance or pride, as the result of freeRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Antigone1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe tragic hero according to Aristotle is a man who is neither a paragon of virtue and justice nor undergoes the change of misfortune or leads to his or her own downfall or destruction through their journey as the characters analyze their â€Å"judgment error†. In the play Antigone, Antigone is a tragic heroine who stands up and fights for her moral duties to do what is morally right instead of being loyal to the state even if cost her her life. The plot of Antigone is quite predictable. But, it showsRead MoreAntigone: not the tragic hero2077 Words   |  9 PagesAntigone: Not the Tragic Hero Sophocles, a great tragedian, was the one who gave Greek tragedies their traditional form. An important part of traditional Greek tragedies is the presence of a tragic hero. All tragic heroes should have the characteristics of rank, a tragic flaw, a downfall, and a recognition of mistakes. The seemingly tragic hero is Antigone. She wants to bury her brother Polyneices even though this would be going against Creon, who is her uncle and the king. When Antigone buriesRead More Antigone the Tragic Hero Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesA Tragic Hero A tragic hero is a character who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw, which combined with fate, results into a tragedy. The tragic hero must fall from good luck and well being to misery and misfortune. The tragic hero causes a sense of pity through the tragic downfall that weakens the character. In Antigone by Sophocles, Antigone follows her own beliefs by giving her brother a proper burial, even if she has to break the law of King Creon. Because of her innocentRead MoreEssay on The Tragic Hero of Antigone871 Words   |  4 PagesGreek tragic hero. In fact, Aristotle had Oedipus specifically in mind when he first set down the requirements for tragedy in his Poetics. However, in other Greek tragedies, the tragic hero isn’t always so easy to identify. For example, in the play Antigone, the reader may have some difficulty deciding who the tragic hero is. Nevertheless, a careful examination of the facts reveals that Antigone is the true tragic heroine because she ’s brave, flawed, and noble. Antigone is a tragic hero becauseRead MoreEssay on The Tragic Hero of Antigone568 Words   |  3 PagesGreece, Sophocles wrote the greatly admired tragedy, Antigone. Antigone includes many themes such as Freedom, Protection of Personal Dignity, Obedience to Civil Law, Protection of Community/Nation, Loyalty/Obligation to Family, and Observance of Religious Law. Many of the Greek tragedies that have been written include a tragic hero that has his/her tragic flaw. In Antigone there are two main characters; Creon, the tyrant king of Thebes, and Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta. One of theseRead MoreEssay on Antigone is a Tragic Hero823 Words   |  4 PagesAntigone is a Tragic Hero A subject of debate in Sophocles’ play Antigone is which character complies with the characteristics of a tragic hero. The qualities that constitute a tragic hero are, in no particular order, having a high social position, not being overly good or bad, isolation, being tenacious in their actions, arousing pity in the audience, a revelatory manifestation, and having a single flaw that brings about their own demise and the demise of others around them. Creon possessesRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Antigone By Sophocles1075 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Greek philosopher Aristotle, â€Å"A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.† Thus, according to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be able to discern how his actions caused his demise. The tragic hero has a tragic flaw, known as hamartia, recognizes that this flaw contributes to his misfortune because of an error in judgment, but is nonetheless deserving of sympathy. Creon, the hero of the dra ma Antigone by Sophocles, fulfills this definition. He exhibits hubrisRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesdraws on the emotions of the audience is to get them to relate to the tragic hero, and that is why it was so important for a tragedy to have a proper one. Antigone features the perfect example of a hero in a tragedy. In Antigone, King Creon is the tragic hero since he is adherent to a moral mean, he is life-like, he exhibits a tragic quality which results in a plot reversal, and ends in a moment of lament. Creon is the ideal tragic hero, since he’s morally upstanding but not blameless at the same timeRead More Antigone as a Tragic Hero Essay499 Words   |  2 PagesAntigone as a tragic hero The debate over who is the tragic hero in Antigone is unanswered. The belief that Antigone is the hero is a tough one. Antigone is widely thought of as the tragic hero of the play bearing her name. She would seem to fit the part in light of the fact that she dies for doing what she believes is right. She buries her brother without worrying what might happen to her. Unlike Antigone, Ismene says â€Å"And break the law, our death will be more shameful even then theirs† (pg.5

The Paris Basin Tertiary Activities Free Essays

Paris Basin: – Tertiary Activities Account for the development of tertiary activities in one non-Irish region of your choice. Tourism * Capital city – naturally draws tourists ranging from sight-seers to historical enthusiasts. * Home to monuments and buildings and areas of interest. We will write a custom essay sample on The Paris Basin: Tertiary Activities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eiffel tower – daily tours to the top with a restaurant at the top – iconic monument designed by Gustave Eiffel overlooks the city + Rvr Seine on which are numerous daily cruises * Sacre Coeur Cathedral – on top of Montmartre hill – opens every day to public – originally – relatively inaccessible as it is atop the highest point in city – glass cable car link was built in 1990s – further increased amount of visitors to this attraction. * Nearby – Artist’s quarter + the Salvador Dali museum. Other attractions drawing millions of visitors each year – Louvre – holds famous pieces (Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci) * S. lies the palace of Versailles * E. (in Marne de la Valley) is the world famous Euro Disney. * Arc De Triomphe, Champs d’Elysees and the Notre Dame Cathedral. * 2008 – These sites drew in over 25 million visitors. * Over 60% of visitors – from outside of France – g enerate over â‚ ¬20 billion each year. * Tourism industry – 20% of Frances total GNP – indicates importance of this business is to economy. Result of tourism – hotels, restaurants and other spin-off industries have developed due to the demand for additional services. * Towns Reims and Epernay – grown in size due to the viticulture industry – draws in wine tasters, home to the famous Champagne houses. Transport * Transport industry – highlights development of tertiary activities * Agriculture, industry and tourism continue to grow – need for highly developed transport network – in high demand. Development of Euro Disney in east brought the RER train line – meet needs of the ms of visitors (Part of the SNCF train network in France) * Home to the Metro system – seven routes linking all areas of capital and further * Three international airports: Charles De Gaulle, Orly and Beavais. * The port of Le Harve – mouth of the river Seine (further example of level of development of the transport network in this core region) * France’s second busiest port (after Marseilles) and is the entry + exit point of raw materials and finished products of the region. How to cite The Paris Basin: Tertiary Activities, Essay examples

Analysis of the Case Study Situation

Question: Critical analysis of the case study situation on the basis of the fundamental principles. Answer: Introduction This report is based on a case study of such a company which is going through a weak financial situation and the shareholders of the company want to sell out the company. This particular report analyzes the situation on the ethical ground. The situation of the company is analyzed based on the fundamental principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality and professional behavior. After the discussion, the conclusion is provided based on the findings and at the same time it is also mentioned in the conclusion that which step is ethically and legally suitable for the company for handling this particular situation. Critical analysis of the case study situation on the basis of the fundamental principles According to the given case study, the company is suffering from such a situation in which the shareholders of the company want to sell out it but the managing director of the company wants to save the company by taking some illegal and unethical steps. The main problem of the company is its slow moving stocks, which are in the inventory for more than nine months. The stocks are already written down but in order to save the company and the employment of many employees, the managing director wants to save the company by selling stocks to the prospective buyers at an inflated stock value. The situation of the finance director is very critical in this situation. In one side, there are the lives of many employees and their families those are dependent on this company. However, on the other side, selling the stocks at an inflated rate and not recording their written down value in the yearend financial records is illegal. If this situation is analyzed on the basis of the fundamental principle of integrity, then it has to be said that the steps suggested by the managing director are not only illegal but also unethical. The principle of integrity suggests that the organizations must maintain the correctness and reliability at the time of preparing the financial records (Warhurst 2015). At the same time, it is also suggested by the principle of integrity that the employees of the organization are responsible for the recordkeeping. Di Pietra (2015) stated that integrity is the choice of the individual. The integrity within a human being et al. shows how much the person is ethical. Therefore, from the integrity point of view, if the written down value of the stocks are not recorded in the yearend record, then it will be unethical. At the same time, if the situation is analyzed with the help of the fundamental principle of objectivity, then also the suggestions of the managing director has to be considered as an unethical suggestion. The principle of objectivity suggests that the financial information and recording need to be independent and unbiased (Oraka and TO 2015). Like the principle of integrity, the principle of objectivity also suggests to maintain the reliable and relevant financial statements. Along with this, it also mentions that in order to identify the authenticity, the financial information of the company can be gathered from various sources. According to Himick et al. (2016), the principles of professional competence and due care suggest that the personnel must use their professional knowledge and skills at the time of providing their services. This principle also states that the professional needs to attain the professional competence and at the same time they need to maintain that also. At the same time, the professional must be careful about their activities because they are responsible to the activities done by them (Wachs 2015). Therefore, from this point of view, it can be said that the finance director of the company must use personal knowledge regarding the recording of stocks. The responsibility of the steps taken will be only on the shoulder of the finance director. Therefore, the finance director must be careful enough at the time of taking any final decision. On the other side, the fundamental principle of confidentiality suggests not to disclose any important information to the third party (who is not directly related to the main business) without having proper verification and appropriate authority (Cooper 2016). At the same time, this particular principle also suggests that any information related to the business should not be used for gaining any personal benefit. Therefore, as per the principle of confidentiality, it can be said that the finance director should not disclose the internal weak situation of the company to the external parties. However, at the same time the finance director must try to make the managing director understand that the suggestions given by he is unethical (Harrison and Van der Laan Smith 2015). Hence, it is the responsibility of the finance director to take ethical decision by maintaining the required confidentiality. The principle of professional behavior states that individuals must obey and act as per the legal or regulatory guidelines of the particular profession (Di Pietra et al. 2015). Along with that, the individuals must try to avoid any kind of action or behavior that shows the discredit in his or her profession (Harrison and Van der Laan Smith 2015). Therefore, if the particular situation is analyzed, then it must be said that the managing director of the company has not maintained the principle of professional behavior. However, the finance director of the company must act as per the principle of professional behavior. This will help to maintain the work ethics and at the same time this will save the finance director from any kind of legal issues. Conclusion In the above discussion, it has been identified that the internal financial situation of the particular retail company is not good. The stocks of the company remained unsold for several months and so it became a burden for the company. However, before few months, the company has written down the value of the old stocks. On the other side, by understanding the situation the shareholders of the company want to sale the business but the managing director wants to save the business anyhow. The suggestions provided by the managing director to the finance director of the company cannot be undertaken as per the fundamental principles of integrity, objectivity, professional behavior, confidentiality and professional confidentiality and due care. However, if the situation is analyzed from all the perspectives, then it must be said that if the company is sold out then many people those are the employee of the organization will be jobless. The families of the employees will face serious problem to survive. On the other side, if the finance director considers the suggestion of the managing director, then also the future of the company will be unsafe and at the same time, this will be a cheat with the shareholders and prospective customers of the company. Apart from these, if the finance director takes the suggestion of the managing director, then that will be also against the professional behavior and ethics. The whole responsibility of the situation will be on the shoulder of the finance director only. Therefore, in such a situation, the finance director of the company must conduct a meeting with the shareholders and managing director and must discuss about the situation in detail. The finance director must state each consequence those will take place if any of the two suggestions provided by managing director and shareholders is taken. If any better idea is not developed then the finance director must act according to the legal and ethical guidelines and in that case, the company must pay some amounts to its employees for the sudden close of the company. Reference List Cooper, S., 2016. Faculty Review of Accounting Principles: A Business Perspective. Di Pietra, R., McLeay, S. and Ronen, J., 2015.ACCOUNTING REGULATION. Springer,. Harrison, J.S. and Van der Laan Smith, J., 2015. Responsible accounting for stakeholders.Journal of Management Studies,52(7), pp.935-960. Himick, D., Brivot, M. and Henri, J.F., 2016. An ethical perspective on accounting standard setting: Professional and lay-experts contribution to GASBs Pension Project.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,36, pp.22-38. Oraka, A.O. and TO, O., 2015. The Impact of Professional Accounting Ethics in Quality Assurance in Audit.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,5(8), pp.64-78. Wachs, M., 2015. Professional Ethics in Planning.Readings in Planning Theory, p.464. Warhurst, J., 2015. A Study of Ethics for Accounting Students at East Tennessee State University Welfel, E., 2015.Ethics in counseling psychotherapy. Cengage Learning.

Maple leaf foods free essay sample

Maple leaf foods is one of the leaders in the consumer packaged food industry. Their operations span across Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, Asia, and Mexico. A few brands they produce are Schneider’sâ„ ¢, and Dempster’sâ„ ¢ which are known worldwide. The company was created in 1961 and the origins can be traced back to Grantham Mills in 1863. There are three groups Maple leaf operates in, Meat Products Group, Bakery Products Group, and Agribusiness Products Group. The first two groups are self-explanatory but the Agribusiness Products Group deals with recycling animal by-products into animal feed, amino acids, supplements, and biofuel . Introduction We are going to look at how Maple leaf dealt with the Listeria outbreak in the package meat products group, how they dealt with the legal issues and how they interacted with the public perception of their company. The focus will be mainly on the nonmarket environment but we will briefly dive into Maple leaf’s market environments as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Maple leaf foods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fours I’s Issue The summer of 2008, reports that Listeria was found in numerous products and Maple Leaf’s products are being recalled. Not only have the products tested positive for Listeria but multiple deaths have been directly linked to Maple leafs products . This brings about two issues we need to address. The first issue is a public perception of Maple leaf and how this Listeria outbreak changed public opinion on the company. The second issue will be in the legal sector, from patrons that purchased Maple leaf meat products and became ill or passed on. Consumers are becoming hyper aware about the safety of their food and any time a company has a misstep like Maple leaf they are going to be negative consequences. Intuition To see how far spread the issue has gone we will look at the institutions that are involved from Maple leafs Listeria outbreak. The media covered the issue with their own viewpoint and brought the issue to the public. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the Public Health Agency of Canada were directly involved in confirming the presence of the listerosis bacteria . Any wholesaler or grocery store will have to track down Maple leaf products and send them back. The suppliers to the Maple leaf plants would have to wait until the meat packing plants were up and running again. Direct buyers of Maple leaf products such as hospitals and nursing homes have a tough time dealing with the issue. The publics sentiment of Maple leaf and how to handle this issue also can be considered an institution. Canadas federal government was also affected with the idea of amending the food and drugs act. Interest Groups The interest groups that were involved were as follows; trial lawyers, taxpayers, citizens that were directly affected by the Listeria outbreak, consumers of Maple leaf products and other producers in Maple leafs industry. The trial, lawyers, taxpayers, citizens and consumers were directly affected by the Listeria outbreak. The other producers in Maple leaf’s industry were indirectly affected because stigma brought in by this issue. Information Over 220 products were recalled by Maple leaf and it is estimated that the recall will cost Maple leaf $20 million Hundreds of people had fallen ill from the contaminated products and 23 people had died from Listeria related illness. In January 2009 a $27 million settlement was negotiated to pay to the victims and families of those affected by the Listeria outbreak. After heavy testing of Maple leaf’s products 30, out of a possible 841 product samples tested positive for Listeria. The food and drugs act was looked considered to be amended so that sodium acetate could be added as a preservative in the production of these foods . Sodium acetate would greatly decrease the chance of Listeria from being present in ready-to-eat meats. We define this issue as a moral hazard which creates almost 100% liability by Maple leaf to rectify this problem and to compensate those involved. Since this incident ranked high in intrinsic audience interest and had intensive coverage the story made it across the nation and the world. Market Maple leaf’s market environment is pretty standard for a company that sells consumer packaged food. They sell their product on a global scale and use mass media such as TV commercials and online ads to market their product . They are a publicly traded company and their success comes from the quality of their food and their innovative distribution channels. The company is not afraid of acquiring existing establishments to grow its product lines. In 1992, Maple leaf foods buys at 40% stake in McGavin foods which was a producer of bread and rolls for major grocery chains. There seems to be growing pattern of Maple leaf wanting to expand its company. They proposed building the 385,000 ft.? bakery and 402,000 ft.? meat processing plant in Hamilton Ontario. It is clear that the company is a driving force in the global market and shows no sign of slowing down. When it came for Maple leaf to respond to the issue, they were very quick to act and addressed the issue right away. They almost had a similar incident in 2009 where they voluntarily recalled 26,000 hot dogs that had might have been contaminated (Maple Leaf Recall, 2009). This shows how quick to act the company has become to protect its customers. Non Market Since Maple leaf has become such a large organization they have the ability to give back to the community. They sponsor hundreds of events across numerous communities advocating and helping hunger issues. Even before the incident in 2008 Maple leaf was trying to bring about innovation in the field. In 2004, Maple leaf began tracing the DNA from the package meat products from the farm to your plate. This initiative was to prevent enormous political and economic risk if one of their products were to cause problems within or outside Canada. They also called for other meatpacking plants to do the same and which would bring about a high level of safety in industryTo further build on this idea in 2006 Maple leaf brought about their â€Å"40 steps to food safety† program. These 40 steps were meant to exceed government regulation and bring about transparency and traceability of their products. Since anything related to the food industry rates high in societal significance it only makes sense for Maple leaf to continue with this pattern. Integrated strategy The two practices Maple leaf uses to integrate the market and nonmarket activities are promoting the high quality of their goods mixed with promoting their high safety standards. These two areas work well together in promoting a strong brand image and to stay in the right side of public sentiment. They also tie in their practices of supporting communities who need help with hunger issues with in the major markets where they distribute their products. It is a smart move since, they are branching out globally and communities not only want to bring them in for the high quality products but also to help the less fortunate in their communities. You can also tie in Maple leaf’s quest for high safety standards directly from the nonmarket environment to the market environment by their actions to try to change the whole industry and their interactions in the regulatory field to change laws to increase safety. This shows leadership in the industry and makes Maple leaf look very proactive in the public eye. Repositioning From an overall standpoint, Maple leaf has been quite present in the nonmarket environment and their position on their integrated strategy seems to be an effective method. That doesnt mean they are perfect. There are some areas that they can improve on. Their focus on creating innovative safety practices is good, but their application in the nonmarket environment could be improved upon. Instead of just targeting the whole industry and the safety practices they should focus a little more on consumer level food safety. They should partner with more schools to help improve education in food safety and also improve the food preparation facilities within the schools. Their targeting of safety at home seems to be a little too broad and could see more focus. The work they do on improving the safety of their industry also needs to be made more public and their successes should be showcased. It took too much digging to find information on Maple leaf’s actions on improving safety within the industry. Their involvement with the regulatory bodies within Canada should be increased and they should also be more active in other countries laws of other countries in regards to food safety in their industry. Conclusion Maple leaf response to the listeria outbreak was done in a timely fashion and was dealt with appropriately. They admitted their liability and compensated the appropriate parties. They not only talked about their own faults but shifted some of the focus to the industry as a whole to limit less attention to them directly. Their nonmarket strategy was handled somewhat effectively by being proactive before and after the incident. When it came to product safety. The innovative work they did recommend to the industry should have been celebrated and should of have been made more public . Their work with helping communities around the world with hunger problems is an effective strategy but more promotion is needed. As stated before, direct interaction in schools promoting food safety would be, more effective means of positioning in the nonmarket environment. An incident like this most likely would have ruined some companies, but the effective response by Maple leaf allowed them to recover and slowly become a global leader in their industry.

The Impact of the Telephone on Society essays

The Impact of the Telephone on Society essays The Impact of the Telephone on Society When Alexander Graham Bells main goal in developing the telephone was to allow everyone, including the poor to have communication ability through the use of the telephone. The telephone was the first communication to allow us to maintain relationships over long distances. Because of this technology our society and the world changed. It is easy to take technology, inventions, and advances in any field for granted. We accept that we have computers, appliances, and the telephones. We do not consider the impact that these technologies have on our lives. They do have an impact whether good or bad. They affect our lives in ways that we may not even know. One of the most influential, and controversial, inventions has been that of the telephone. When the telephone was introduced it was met with some resistance and a few technical problems. As time passed it became so accepted that almost everyone in the western world had a telephone. The telephone was marketed in that it would incr ease revenue, employment, and an improve communication (Robertson 230). Like most new technology the telephone at first could only be afforded by the rich. To make telephone usage less expensive, coin operated and metered telephones were introduced as well as the party line in which numerous households were connected to the same line. The largest impact of the telephone was the effect on rural life. The party line was used everywhere but it had the greatest effect on the isolated farm. The advantage was communication and reduced the loneliness for the farmers wife (de Sola 49). The party line was the first conference call, the farmers could hold community meetings around a specific day and time .The telephone also provided security and helped in emergency situations despite the isolation (de Sola 49). It worked like a security system keeping would be criminals away from houses who displayed phon...

Cast versus forged engine pistons Research Paper

Cast versus forged engine pistons - Research Paper Example Centrifugal casting has been used for the production of cylindrical parts since time immemorial. The two types of machines used to achieve these are broadly classified as horizontal and vertical types. The horizontal ones are named so because they usually rotate around a horizontal axis while the vertical ones rotate around a vertical one. The horizontal machines are typically used to make pistons and other castings that are simple in shape. The vertical machines are best suited for making castings that are not regular in shape (Soares, 22). The importance of pistons can not be bargained. In a typical engine, pistons are used in order to convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy. Pistons are used to convey the gas forces through the linking rods to the crank shaft. They are also used in order to seal off the combustion part against the possible gas leaks in the crankcase. In addition to preventing leakages, they also help to avert any possible infiltration of oil that might e manate from the crankcase into the combustion part of the system. Last but not least, pistons are used to release the heat absorbed as a result of the combustion thereby assisting in the function of the cooling oil. The pros and cons As we have observed, aluminium is a preferred material in pistons, whether one is using casting or forging. Aluminium has a high thermal conductivity which makes it a very ideal material for the job. The modern gasoline as well as diesel engines have created a need for the creation of pistons that are lighter in weight but at the same time that have a greater capacity of thermal load. This has been made possible due to the novel designs through the use of innovative coating technologies. Pistons are usually exposed to very robust conditions. The mechanical load that the pistons have to handle comes from the very high pressure in the combustion part. The pressure typically goes up to 200 bars. Another source of mechanical load is the extreme force of ine rtia. This is as a result of heightened acceleration of reciprocating motion pistons (Soares, 27). Pistons can either be produced from cast or from forged aluminium alloys. There are different types of alloys that are used in the casting or forging of pistons. The first type is the standard piston alloy. It is an eutectic Al-12% Si alloy. On average, it has at least one percent each of Cu, Mg and Ni. In order to meet the demands of the current modern engines, there have been special eutectic alloys developed in order to achieve better resistance to extreme conditions. The hypereutectic alloys typically have eighteen and twenty four percent of Si. They come with the advantage of lower thermal expansion but they have the disadvantage of lower strength. Developers of pistons usually have their own customizations in order to fit the different unique requirements but they are generally based on these underlying principles. Most of the pistons on the market are developed using the gravity die casting technique. One important advantage of casting is that the optimized alloys in conjuction with the controlled environemtn of production make the development of the pistons that are low in weight possible (Soares, 23). Forged pistons however, win over their casted counterparts when it comes to withstanding higher pressure. The forged

Homework #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework #6 - Essay Example The ideology is driven from the whole concept of use-value, exchange-value and commodity. Marx defines the Fetishism ideology into themes. He first states that the exchange-value of a commodity depends major on the labor used in its production process. When determining the value of a product one will tend to use the commodity to compensate the labor. The commodity in his ideology is dependent since it relays on what efforts invested in terms of labor. He also explains the social relation between producers and eternal factors. He shows how different producers relate despite their difference in commodities they offer in the market(Wood, 1970). He uses the relativity of the products to create a personal concept of the market. For instance, one who makes tea and sells directly relates to who bakes cakes and bread. He finally states laboring activities controls the activities of a product. In a real life scenario, the exchange of commodity follows the concept of Money- Commodity- money. This means that one sells a product in order to generate more money and utilize it to make offers and expand productivity. Karl Marx on the other hand explains that money is replaced in its commensurability with human labor (Wood, 1970). Thus, his structure is Commodity- money- commodity. Different from this the fetishism ideology with real life is the fact that labor used while producing does not necessarily reflects the product. In that while, producing one may fall ill and hence spends resources in treating himself hence the final product will not reflect the amount of resources used in the production. Socially it clearly shows how the people relations in the production line as were the case of the tea maker and the cake baker clearly shows a contrasting relation different from what Marx stated. They fail to relate in terms of the exchange value in that they independently fix the value without considering what the other person will react (Wood, 1970). In this

Steps in System Design

Steps in System Design CHAPTER 3 HIGH LEVEL DESIGN 3.0 High Level Design The high level design discusses an overview of how a system be supposed to work and how the higher stage sections to contains the suggested answer. It would be supposed to have very less information about implementation that is no clear class descriptions and during case not even details such as data base type (relational or object) programming language and platform. High level design gives an overview of system flow. However, this gives more information for the user to understand the logic. Here we see the basic knowledge about the system design and architecture. Following are the issues that we see in this part which are the primary components for the design. 3.1 Design Considerations The key design considerations of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network are: Creation of network with twenty nodes, including the base station node and its client nodes. Broadcasting the packets by base station to its nodes. Calculating all the measures and getting feedback information from all nodes for the transmission. According to which designing the three main scheduling policies for the broadcasting delay in the network. Network which does not uses network coding mechanism, designing the greedy scheduling policy. Network which uses the network coding mechanism for which designing the linear coding scheduling policy and pair wise XOR scheduling policy. Finally performance analysis is done for each scheduling policy, considering the deterministic, probabilistic arrivals of packets for asymmetric and symmetric topology. 3.2 System Architecture of Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network System Architecture of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network in shown in figure 3.1 System architecture is the theoretical design that describes the structural and behavioral features of a system. The description of the architecture is the official explanation of the system. That is arranged in the form that maintains interpretation concerning the structural possessions of the system. And it characterizes the system apparatus or building blocks and gives a preparation from which yield can be procured and systems are developed that are work jointly to apply in general system. The base station will broadcast the arrival of packets using different types of systems like greedy scheduler, pair wise XOR, linear coding and feedback scheduler to the particular nodes. Design feasible optimal policy for the broadcasting of delay in traffic. Since the base station will not having any idea regarding feedback information from all its client nodes, it cannot identify the real timely throughput established by each client node for the flow of packets. Though, with the knowledge of channel reliabilities, the base station will calculate approximately the timely throughputs by measuring the possibility that a client node gains the packet of a flow in every time gap. There is stationary randomized scheduling policy and a positive number, which decides a schedule arbitrarily from the scheduling space where it is based on the packet coming at the creation of the period and self directed of the system history before the time interval that accomplish the system with timely throughput supplies. A system with any coding mechanism, a designing policy aims to maximize, a policy is feasible optimal. Three different kinds of coding mechanisms, first think about a system where network coding is not been used. In each time slot, the base station will broadcast the unprocessed packet from the stream that has been produced one packet in the time interval. Deduce a few separation of flows has been produced packets at the starting of the interval the probability that client receives the packet from flow in this interval. Since the base station can make broadcasts in an interval. The probability that client has not received the packet from flow during the first transmissions, and receives this packet when the base station broadcasts the packet from flow for the next time. Thus, classify the subjective trivial liberation chance of the broadcast of an online scheduling Greedy algorithm. The use of pair wise XOR coding for broadcasting, the base station can either broadcast a raw packet from a flow, or it can choose to broadcast an encoded packet from flow packet from flow, the XOR of a packet from flow with a packet from flow. A client can recover the packet from flow either upon directly receiving a raw packet from flow, or upon receiving a raw packet from flow and an encoded packet. Consider a system with two streams of flow of packets that produce single packet in every interval with only individual client whose direct reliable. Assume that there are six time slots in an interval. Suppose that the base station transmits each packet three times in an interval. Thus, a system with timely throughput requirements is not possible when complex network coding is not in use. Thus system with pair wise XOR coding can achieve strictly better performance than one without network coding. By employing linear coding in the direction to advance the performance of dissemination delay constraints flow of packets besides the unprocessed packets the base station can also transmit small packages that having linear grouping of packets from any streams of flows. The consumer can decipher all packets from the separation of streams if it receives at least packets that having linear grouping of packets from those stream of flows. If a client receives less packets having linear combination of groups cannot be decoded from those flows of packets. Figure 3.1: System Architecture of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.3 System Specification using Use Case Diagram Use case diagrams are represents the typically noticeable interactions with the aim of the system will perform with the users and external systems. They are exercised to depict in what way the user can carry out the role by means of the systems and it form an important part of the progress of the method. Use case diagrams describe schedules of work, user guides, test plans and are functional all the way through the whole development progression. Use case models use a concept known as actors to visualize what is deemed to be outside the system. The use case also describes about the exterior unit will interrelate with the system and the work that the system will need to perform. Use case scenarios that describe how actors use the system. The actors are external factors that interact with the system. Actors are identified based on who is using the system or who will be using the system. The actor represents the role a user plays with respect to the system. Identifying actors is an important as identifying classes, structures, attributes, associations and behavior. 3.3.1 Use Case Diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Use case Diagram of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network is shown in figure 3.2. Figure 3.2: Use case Diagram of deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Name of the module: deadline-constrained broadcasting in wireless network. External users or actors: base station and client node. Functionality of the system: functionality of the system includes adding flow and broadcasting flow. Broadcasting flow has the functions like greedy scheduler, pair wise XOR scheduler, linear scheduler and feedback scheduler. Description of deadline-constrained broadcasting in wireless network: The use case diagram of the deadline-constrained broadcasting in wireless network shown in figure 3.3. The base station used to add flow and broadcast the flow in the network, where it can use any technique to broadcast the delay in the network like it may use non coding mechanism by using greedy scheduler policy, and coding mechanism by introducing pair wise XOR scheduler policy, linear scheduler policy and it may use feedback scheduler policy. There by base station broadcast the delay to the respective client nodes. 3.4 Data Flow Diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network A data flow diagram is a graphical depiction where the data flows all the way through an information system. It is also used for the visualization of data processing that is structured design. In DFD information flows from the external source or an internal process towards the internal information store or the external information drop through is the midway course. Level_0 The context-level or level 0 data flow diagram describes the interface between the method and external agents which operate as data sources and data sinks. Scheduled on top of the background diagram also termed as the Level 0 DFD where the systems interfaces with the outside world are modeled merely during the data flows crossways the system edge. In the context diagram the complete system as only one process and provides no clues to its own internal group. Figure 3.3: Level 0 Data flow diagram for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.1 Data Flow Diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Level _1 The Level 1 DFD describes about the division of sub systems of the complete system and each of the sub systems deals with at least one of the data flows to or from the outside way and which together provides all of the functionality of the process. It is also recognize the internal data provisions that should there in sort of the progression to do the work and it illustrates the flow of information among the diverse parts of the procedure. Figure 3.4: Data Flow Diagrm of Probability data flow for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.1: Transmission of packet of different flow deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.2 Data Flow Diagram of XOR coding for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Figure 3.5: Data flow diagram of XOR coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.2: Transmission of XOR coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.3 Data Flow Diagram of Linear coding for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Figure 3.6: Data flow diagram of linear coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.3: Transmission of linear coding for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.4.4 Data Flow Diagram of Broadcasting packets for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Figure 3.7: Data flow diagram of broadcast packet for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network Table 3.4: Transmission of broadcast packet for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network 3.5 Sequence diagram for Deadline Constraints Broadcasting in Wireless Network Sequence diagrams display interactions between the objects from temporal standpoint. A sequence diagram represents an interaction between objects that focuses on the message. An object is represented by rectangle and its lifeline is represented by a vertical bar line. Initialization Flow The sequence diagram of the initial flow is shown in figure 3.8. STEP 1: The admin directs the main to create the new network and the network is created. STEP 2: The new base station is created by the network by main through admin. STEP 3: The new node is created by the network by main through admin. STEP 4: The network is shown by network through the main and admin. Figure 3.8: Sequence diagram for Initialization Flow Greedy Scheduler The sequence diagram of the greedy scheduler is shown in figure 3.9. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to greedy scheduler. STEP 3: The greedy scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.9: Sequence diagram for Greedy Scheduler Linear coding scheduler The sequence diagram of the linear coding scheduler is shown in figure 3.10. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to linear coding scheduler. STEP 3: The linear coding scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.10: Sequence diagram for Linear coding scheduler Feedback scheduler The sequence diagram of the feedback scheduler is shown in figure 3.11. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to feedback scheduler. STEP 3: The feedback scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.11: Sequence diagram for Feedback scheduler Pair wise XOR scheduler The sequence diagram of the pair wise XOR scheduler is shown in figure 3.12. STEP 1: The admin add the flow by base station and starts broadcasting of packets. STEP 2: The new base station is starts scheduling of the packet flow to pair wise XOR scheduler. STEP 3: The feedback scheduler sends back the packet flow once it done coding. STEP 4: Then broadcasting takes place from base station to node. Figure 3.12: Sequence diagram for Pair-wise XOR scheduler 3.6 Classes Designed for the system The class diagram is the major structural block of objective leaning modeling. Class diagrams can be used for information modeling. The classes in a class diagram shows both the major objects and communications in the systems and the classes exist to program. It is used both for general conceptual modeling, for systematic applications, detailed modeling, and for converting the models into encoding rules. In the diagram classes are presented with boxes shapes which have three parts. The upper part of box has the name of the class The middle part contains the attributes of the class The bottom part of box produces the processes or functions the class has to perform The design of a system has the number of classes that are recognized and joined together in the class diagram which assists to find out the relations among objects. The attribute shows the passage thread that is parsed in the variety of properties of the characteristic form component. Operation is used to show operations defined on classes. It is the service of an instance that the class is requesting to perform the function is as shown in the text string that may be parsed to the different properties of an operation function of the model component. There are relations between the different classes in the class diagram that are represented using the following notations. Composition ( ) is a very strong option of the possess association relationship, composition is specific. Composition has a strong existence cycle dependent among occurrences of the container class and occurrences of the contained module. If the container is cracked or damaged normally every occurrence that it contains is destroyed fully. Generalization ( ) specifies that one of the two connected program (the subclass) is measured to be a dedicated form of the other program (the super type) and super class is well thought out as ‘generalization’ of subclass. This way any occurrence of the subtype class is also the example of the super class. Multiplicity notations are positioned near the endings of a relationship. And these signs specify the number of occurrences o single class linked to one occurrences of the other class, ‘1’ states that no more than one instances are used, and ‘0..*’ states that zero or many instances are used. Figure 3.13: Classes diagram for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network The class diagram for deadline constraints broadcasting in wireless network is represented in figure 3.13. the figure shows the main class, which defines the operations +createNetwork( ), +add BS( ), +add Node(), +show Network(). The class network defines the operation, +add BS(), +add Node(), +show Network(), with one -to-one aggregation to main class. The class Base station defines the operation, +add Flow(), +broadcastPacket(), +sendPacket(), with one -to-one aggregation to network class. The class Node defines the operation, +collectPacket() with generalization to statistics class it also defines many-to-one aggregation with network class The class greedy scheduler, linear coding scheduler, feedback scheduler, pair wise XOR scheduler, defines the operations +schedulePacketFlow() with respect to their scheduling principles, and they are one-to-one aggregation with the class Base station. Summary In this chapter, a brief overview of design consideration, system architecture, design steps is presented and further discussion of the use case diagrams, class diagrams, data flow diagrams and sequence diagrams next chapter discusses detailed design of the system.

An Analysis of Police Reforms

1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPIC:An analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotle’s theory of justice SUBMITTED TO: PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY: DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. – 11 LL. M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. [email  protected] ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad practices in the functioning of the police. 2Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotle's theory.Aristotle's vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh & others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and performance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution.The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people.As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotle’s theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police.Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy.Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character.We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms a re respected and protected. He also stated that â€Å"the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end†. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandel’s theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization.So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all.Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one†. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. At present the laws governing the relationship betw een police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries.Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders services to the community and not as â€Å"force†. Aristotle has also made a distinction between â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"rule of force†.The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observe d, â€Å"Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times.I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force†. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5.The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979.The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition; it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelian’s theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society. If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as: Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote.One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Minister’s address to the Ann ual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs; October 6, 2005; New Delhi; retrieved from http://pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved. Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to ove rsee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless; so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens.Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any formal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve.Aristotle also states that â€Å"at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst†. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force.Aristotle’s way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution o f good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, â€Å"It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a true democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility†. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors: â€Å"things, and the persons to whom things are assigned†. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference.The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies.The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today.The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotle’s concept of a go od civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force.Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandel’s Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors: the new soul of business. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9 An Analysis of Police Reforms 1 COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE PROJECT TOPIC:An analysis of police reforms, in light of Aristotle’s theory of justice SUBMITTED TO: PROF. AMITA DHANDA SUBMITTED BY: DEEPINDER BAL ROLL NO. – 11 LL. M I YEAR EMAIL- deepinder. [email  protected] ac. in 1 Abstract In 1996, two former Director Generals of Police requested the Supreme Court to direct the central and the state governments to adopt a set of measures to address the most glaring gaps and bad practices in the functioning of the police. 2Given the gravity of the problem and the total uncertainty as to when police reforms would be introduced, the Supreme Court, on 22nd September, 2006, delivered a historic judgment where it considered that it could not further wait for governments to take suitable steps for police reforms and issued 7 directives for immediate compliance which were binding upon central and state governments, until they frame appropriate legislations. The researcher would like to relate the topic with Aristotle's theory.Aristotle's vision of a good civil society and the teleological theory can be related to the purpose of introduction of the police reforms viz. the judgment and the purpose of the implementation of the judgment. 2 Topic- An analysis of police reforms (In light of the judgment, Prakash Singh & others v. Union of India and others on 22, Sept, 2006) 3 The Government of India appointed a National Police Commission in 1977 to examine the role and performance of the Indian police as a law-enforcing agency and as an institution to protect the rights of the citizens enshrined in the Constitution.The Commission submitted 8 reports in a span of 2 years, wherein it made various recommendations so as to redefine the role, duties, powers and responsibilities of the police. With the 8th report, it drafted a new Police Act incorporating certain essential recommendations, which were never implemented. In 1996, a petition was filed by 2 former Director Generals of Police, praying for the issue of directions to the Government of India to frame a new Police Act drafted by the Commission to ensure that the police is made accountable essentially and primarily to the law of the land and the people.As a part of my project research, I would like to examine the need of police reforms in India, the implications and implementation of the 2006 judgment of the Supreme Court (in response to the petition of 1996), in relation to the Aristotle’s theory of justice and his concept of a good civil society. India has established a vibrant democracy, where good governance and administration of justice to the citizens are essential attributes. The primary institution on which the state relies for the maintenance of law and order is the police.Policing is an essential public service and it is the duty of every state to provide its people with the best police service possible. The society perceives police to be the custodians of law and order who provide safety and security to all. Thus police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy like India. The Police as an organized institution came into existence in India with the Police Act of 1861, which was the advent of the British. The police act was designed on the British model of colonial control, which was meant for its subjects and not for the free citizens of a democracy.Independence has changed the political system in India, but the police system is still governed by The Police Act of 1861. It is shocking to believe that, till now, no government, central or state, has taken the initiative to replace the Police Act of 1861 with new legislation, which would be in tune with requirements of democratic policing. Aristotle in his theory states that the purpose of any organization is to from good citizens and to cultivate good character.We must recognize that the police is one of the most vital social institutions needed to construct a democratic society in which human rights and freedoms a re respected and protected. He also stated that â€Å"the end and purpose of a polis is the good life, and the institutions of social life are means to that end†. 1 1 Who deserves what? , Michael sandel’s theory of justice. 3 A political community exists to promote a good life and this aim cannot be achieved without the support of an efficient social organization.So, the police service is a significant part of the socialization body and it seeks to enhance the democracy and the civility within the society. 4 The aim of the police force is to promote the welfare of society for which they must be equipped with the professional knowledge and the necessary powers for creating a social just environment for the citizens. Aristotle believes that it is possible to reason the purpose of social institutions. He reasons that the essential nature of the social institutions is not fixed once and for all.Policing is a dynamic process. It needs to be constantly reinvented in order to be effective. Civil society advocates for a variety of policy changes, new legislations all aimed towards public good. Law is needed both to help habituate citizens to virtuous actions and to help maintain the salutary habits they acquire. For Aristotle, the primary purpose of law is to cultivate the habits that lead to good character. â€Å"Legislators make the citizens good by forming habits in them, and this is the wish of every legislator, and those who do not effect it miss their ark, and it is in this that a good Constitution differs from a bad one†. 2 Presently, the police organisation is marked by aback of democratic functioning and adequate police direction. Police priorities are defined by, and changed according to, the will of the political executive. The manner is which political control has been exercised in India has led to gross abuses, resulting in the erosion of rule of law as well as political credibility. At present the laws governing the relationship betw een police and the political executive are not clear enough to prevent the blurring of boundaries.Over the course of time this lack of clarity has permitted all kinds of illegitimate interferences to seep into the police functioning and is one of the seminal causes for poor overall management of the police and the difficulty of fixing responsibility so as to achieve effective, unbiased and accountable performance. In a democracy, the police have to function as any other public service, which renders services to the community and not as â€Å"force†. Aristotle has also made a distinction between â€Å"rule of law† and â€Å"rule of force†.The rule of law is a democratic rule for the benefit of the entire population (all citizens, the public or the nation as such), whereas the rule of force is an authoritarian, perverted and corrupted form of rule for the advantage of the ruler. 3 In relation to the above context, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh has observe d, â€Å"Today, police forces have to serve the interests of the people, not rulers. In a democratic framework as we are in today, there is need to have in the police forces a managerial philosophy, a value system and an ethos in tune with the times.I had 2 3 Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002. Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin. 4 5 emphasized the need to ensure that the police forces at all levels change from a feudal force to a democratic service. The spirit of public service, of respect for the rights of individuals, of being just and humane in ones action must permeate the entire police force†. 4 The Supreme Court too, reiterated the need of enforcing the rule of law in the police system with its verdict of the 2006 judgment5.The Court ordered that police reform must take place. The states and union territories were directed to comply with seven binding directives viz. to Constitute a State Security Commission, selection and minimum tenure of DGP, minimum tenure of IG of police and other officers, separation of Investigation, Constituting a Police Establishment Board, to constitute a Police Complaints Authority and to set up a National Security Commission, that would kick start reform. These directives pulled together the various strands of improvement generated since 1979.The Court required immediate implementation of its orders either through executive orders or new police legislation. According to me, the judgment of the Supreme Court though came after a decade of the filing of petition; it served the dire necessity of the implementation of police reforms, which was never initiated by any of the state or the central government so far. According to Aristotelian’s theory of justice, every social practice or an institution is established for some purpose, end or aim. The aim of the police force as a social institution is to maintain law and order in a democratic society. If this purpose is not being achieved, the need for police reforms in keeping with the requirements of a modern, democratic state is self-evident. Aristotle has described his theory of justice as: Justice is teleological- defining rights requires us to figure out the telos (the purpose, end, or essential nature) of the social practice in question. Justice is honorific- to reason about the telos of a practice- or to argue about it- is, at least in part, to reason or argue about what virtues it should honor and reward. 6 In any country, administration of justice is one of the primary functions, which it seeks to promote.One of the ways through which this purpose could be achieved is to have a policing system, which is equipped with such adequate powers. Aristotle in his theory while discussing the concept of justice with regard to telos and honouring of virtues, stresses that you honour only those persons who help in achieving your purpose. 4 Prime Minister’s address to the Ann ual conference of DGPs / IGPs of States and UTs; October 6, 2005; New Delhi; retrieved from http://pmindia. nic. in/speech/content. asp? id=207 5 Prakash Singh and others v. Union of India and others, Writ Petition (civil) 310 of 1996. 6 Supra, note 1. As according to Aristotle only virtuous people are honored, to imbibe that virtue in the police force, it is necessary that they should have such powers where they can function efficiently and effectively thus, imparting goodness in the society. 6 Aristotle says that essential nature is attributed to the social institutions so that the purpose or the telos can be achieved. Here, the police being still governed under the 1861 act have not been given the required powers through which they can achieve the purpose of policing. The crux of the police reform is to secure professional independence for the police to unction truly and efficiently as an impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time, to enable the government to ove rsee the police performance to ensure its conformity to law. The need of law enforcement is to maintain peace, enforce the laws of the land, protect the people from criminals, and to help ensure the safety of the citizens. The corruption in political system and political leaders has made the Indian police toothless; so far doing their duties is concerned. If the police have no powers, it cannot function to provide a safe and secure environment for its citizens.Coupled with undue political interference police functioning is plagued by the lack of policy directions and absence of any formal performance evaluation framework. The most glaring examples of illegitimate political interference affecting police work is evident in cases of communal riots and other disturbances. Public order is a critical necessity for progress. An unruly society would be a recipe for economic disaster. With the implementation of the police reforms the quality of life of the citizen, which is in great measure dependent upon the maintenance of public and police order will improve.Aristotle also states that â€Å"at his best man is the noblest of all animals, separated from law and justice he is the worst†. 7 Even after 6 years of the judgment have elapsed, no effective steps have been taken by a majority of states to incorporate the directives issued by the Supreme Court. None of the directions to professionalize the police force, to prevent arbitrary transfer of officers and introduction of transparency in the system have been implemented. The criminalization of Indian politics has eroded the authority of the police leadership and consequently the discipline of the force.Aristotle’s way of reasoning from the purpose of a good to the proper allocation of the good is an instance of teleological reasoning. Aristotle claims that in order to determine the just distribution of a good, we have to inquire into the telos, or purpose, of the good being distributed. The distribution o f good that Aristotle talks about, in my case is equivalent to the distribution of powers in a democratic society. If we look into the purpose of power being distributed it should be in the hands of those who would best utilise the power and help in the achievement of a purpose, which is the administration of justice. And 7 Supra, note 3. 7 since police is a medium achieving the justice, they should be given proper powers in order to achieve the telos. Aristotle had said, â€Å"It is in justice that ordering of society is centered. The justice system in many ways is the bedrock of a democratic society since it upholds the rule of law, which is the fundamental feature of a true democracy. Our laws have to be sensitive to the changes in social structure and social philosophy, a reflection of contemporary social consciousness and a mirror of our values as a civilization. Thus, non-accessibility of justice results in the erosion of rule of law as well as police credibility†. For Aristotle, justice means giving people what they deserve, giving each person his or her due. It involves two factors: â€Å"things, and the persons to whom things are assigned†. 9 As far as the implementation of the judgment is concerned, the court stressed the need for a buffer body between the police and the politicians, which will accord functional autonomy to the police even as they are supervised by the political executive. As a result the relationship between the police and politician will loose its present character of unfettered discretion and illegitimate interference.The non-seriousness in the approach of the state governments in abiding with the directives issued by the Supreme Court, destroy the very basis of a judicial mechanism. The purpose of the judgment was to provide a professional and a wellequipped police system, which can efficiently manage the democratic society. The lack of political will in implementing this reform is symptomatic of a larger malice in the system, whereby the politician is reluctant to let go off his control over the police and law enforcement agencies.The alacrity with which thousands of northeast Indians fled Maharashtra and Karnataka recently has once again underscored the complete lack of the faith of the common man in the law and order machinery. It is yet another reminder that more than anything else a multi cultural and multi ethnic society like India needs an a political, professional police force and an efficient judicial system that will serve the rule of law without fear or favour. It is absence of such a vital mechanism that is at the heart of the unchecked crimes, poor conviction rate and the general lack of faith in the law and order system that we see in India today.The police force is highly politicised and corrupt and more than anything else, it is the absence of strict enforcement of law and swift justice that is at the heart of the breakdown that we face today. Aristotle’s concept of a go od civil society where he talks about the law of the polis inculcating good habits and thus forming a good character sets us on the way to civic virtue. This virtue can be achieved with the implementation of the police reforms in the society. 8 9 Supra, note 3. Supra, note 1. 7 8 The quality of the justice system in the country, to a larger extent depends upon the working of a police force.Thus, having regard to larger public interest, it is absolutely necessary to issue the requisite directions. 8 Bibliography 9 ? Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962 ? Who deserves what? , from Michael Sandel’s Theory of Justice ? Morris, T. , (1998), If Aristotle ran General Motors: the new soul of business. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ? Richard Kraut, Aristotle: political philosophy, Oxford University press, 2002 ? Aristotle (384-322 BC): The Polis. Hammondsworth, 1991, Penguin 9