Budgeting Process Is a Waste of Time and Valuable Resources Essay Example for Free

Budgeting Process Is a Waste of Time and Valuable Resources EssayA budget is a plan for financing an enterprise or brass during a definite period, which is prepared and submitted by a responsible executive to a re donationative body (or other duly established agent) whose approval and authorization are infallible before the plan may be executed. In the case of Uganda, it is a financing plan for one stratum prepared by the president and approved by Parliament. Some scholars have argued that budgets are a consume of time and valuable resources.But this statement is non entirely true as the budget help has some very(prenominal) useful routines in worldly concern administration as shown below- Financial control. judicature needs to be able to exercise control over the ministries and departs i. e. to make sure that the ministries are keeping to plan and that necessary actions can be taken to put them back on track when needed. Government needs to have control barbs to make sure that financial plans and targets are being achieved, and the best tool is the budget.The budget is a plan set out in numbers, which enables the government to exercise control. The difference between what is budgeted to happen and what actually happens is termed a variance. A well-to-do variance means that ministry or department is doing well while an adverse variance shows those that are not. Allocation of scarce resources. One of the biggest tasks of government is the allocation of intimidate resources. This is often done through the budget. Resource allocation refers to the distribution of resources, and in particular finance, from the center to peripheral levels.Because the budgetary process is often participatory, it enable the heterogeneous ministries and local governments to identify their needs and present them to the centre. Programme Coordination. The budget process marchs very well to coordinate government departments and ministries. It is at this budget proc ess that the government can get to know who is doing what and at what cost. Government can for example be able to tell that water for irrigation has been covered under the Ministry of Agriculture and should then be omitted from the Ministry of Water and Environment.Communication. The world budget serves as a communication tool to a variety of audiences. The general public, civil society, and legislators all receive discipline from the budget process. Once the budget has been approved by the legislature and signed into law, the ministries and other agencies become the information recipients. Importantly, each of these actors perceives the budget differently. Budget also communicates upwards. Ministries and sundry(a) agencies must prepare a budget that persuades the president that they support him and his manifesto.At this level of the process, the information in the budget document must explain why a program deserves continued support, how it meets the presidents policy prioriti es, and how well it is using the resources it has been given. After a ministry budget has been incorporated into the national budget the master(a) audience for communicating information shifts from the executive to the legislative branch of government. The primary goal at this stage is to provide information to legislature with the recommendations and analysis that serve as the basis for their decisions.Perhaps the most important purpose for public budgeting is to communicate a ministrys intentions and performance to the citizens. The media also plays a major role in presenting budgets to the citizens. The key events in the budget processes and budget documents must serve to support a mass communication task. Successful communication helps to build authenticity for the government and its programs. Budgeting as a Governing Tool. Public budgeting has become an increasingly central galvanizing force for both the administrative and policy side of governance.This process begins with the preparation of program-level, agency-level, and then ministry-level requests for the coming fiscal year. This budget process presents a political platform for the selection of policy choices and for the allocation of resources to support those choices. The development of a national budget provides the foundation from which to organize a coordinated response to these complex problems and needs. Financial Accountability. Reflecting its roots, the budget process provides the tools to ensure financial accountability.Legislative heed and audit functions are important activities that provide an opportunity for ministries to demonstrate that they have complied with legislative directives. This compliance provides assurances to both elected officials and to the public that the ministry and its programs are serving the public interest. Influence on the Economy . The spending and taxation policies of the central government and local governments have economic equal. Of course, the central g overnment, with its sh11 trillion for 2012/2013 has far more impact on the economy than billions the local governments spend.From an economists point of view, the budget serves the following combination of economic objectives * funds social service programs for those in need, therefore increasing the demand for private sector goods and services * reflects tax policy that affects business and individuals * reflects and funds the enforcement of commercial, transportation, land use and environmental regulations that affect the business climate * funds education and other training programs that enhance the countrys human and economic resources * funds routine purchases (like stationary) and capital projects (like Bujagali dam) that stimulate economic action * serves to redistribute wealth across the countrys residents and * Supports the government as the largest single employer. Public Budgeting as Political tool. The budget process presents a serial of opportunities for elected off icials and interest groups. The perspectives and needs of elected officials and interest groups may frequently contrast with the values and hopes of most public administrators.Understanding these contrasting needs is a useful key to understanding the budget process. Elected officials must respond to their constituents needs and demonstrate a record of leadership. MPs must demonstrate an ability to use government to solve problems in their constituencies. Survival of an MP rests on this ability. In contrast, civil servants often rely on public service and professional values to guide their sense of action and accomplishment. For example, at the ministry of finance, the minister (who is not elected) and budget analysts are primarily committed to acquiring the resources necessary to maintain the efficient and effective delivery of programs, not delivering on promises to constituents.The budget process provides leadership opportunities to bridge and reconcile these competing perspective s. The promises of an election campaign must be quickly translated into policies and programs. Campaign goals and visions must be translated into legislation and directives that can reform and reorient the ministries. The budget also provides an opportunity for the executive to engage with the legislature. When executive and legislative branches are divided, compromise is usually necessary to meet the constitutional duty shared by the Executive and legislative branches i. e the president must present a budget to the legislature and the parliament is constitutionally required to enact a budget. Waste of time.On many instances, however, budgets may appear of a waste of time when they are not adhered too. In Uganda for example, The Monitor newspaper reported that the budget for Sate House had jumped from Shs66. 1 billion approved in family last year to Shs204. 4 billion. On the day to day running, there always unforeseen consequences that governments have to cater for and often need ex tra resources beyond what is budgeted for. An example in Uganda was the Bududa landslides, In the US we have seen incidences such Hurricane Katrina that devastated New Orleans in 2005. But that is only a perception. Budgets play a very big role in public management and administration.

The House on the Lagoon by Rosario Ferre Essay Example for Free

The House on the Lagoon by Rosario Ferre EssayRosario Ferre is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most noted and famous Puerto Rican writers who have made their mark in the world of literature. Her defends illustrate the political and social conditions of her native land. In this paper, we attempt to criticism and understand her view as The House on the Lagoon which is extremely famous and provides an interesting insight into the Puerto Rican conditions and the views of the writer as a supporter of feminism.The house on the Lagoon was nominated for the National Book Award in 1995. The story revolves around Isabel and Quintin Mendizabal who are a quintessential Puerto Rican couple belonging to the privileged element of this society. The wife, Isabel, has a streak of independence and she feels suffocated in the typic entirey bourgeois environment. She wishes to fulfill her long cherished moon of becoming a famous writer. For the fulfillment of this dream she decides to w rite a novel based on the life and family history of her husband and herself. However, the husband suddenly discovers the less than flattering description of his family that his wife wishes to subscribe to public by getting it published. He is obviously shaken and tries to alter the version that his wife has written in order to make it more thankful of his family.The story appears to be simple on the surface. However, while sound outing it, so many undercurrents appear that it becomes a delightful experience to discover the countless nuances. some(prenominal) special features and styles of writing adorn the book. The most famous, the most talked ab break through and perhaps the most exciting is the concept of two distinct narrative voices. In the beginning, the book proceeds as a simple family history being retold by a fair sex.However, a few chapters into the book, suddenly we discover that the narration switches over to the womans husband Quintin, who discovers that his wife is writing a novel. Surprises do not cease here. We are treated to another surprise as we discover that the book we are reading i.e. The House on the Lagoon is the book that the husband is so incensed on finding. Thereon the narrative continues to switch from Quintin to Isabel and vice versa and this turns out to have far reaching consequences on the novel as a whole.The double narrative allows for a more democratic unfolding of the story than a single narrative. It allows us to find out Quintins reactions to his wifes narration of his family history. It puts in more animation into a mundane story of family history. Their arguments clench the narration alive and keep the reader guessing at reality and the next sequence of events. Also, there is a marked difference in the shipway Quintin and Isabel approach the novel. Quintin, as we are told, has been a student of history in Columbia.To him, misinterpretation of facts and misinterpretation of history is a gross error and in additio n, he is extremely embarrassed by the way his family is portrayed in a bad light by his wife. On the other hand, Isabel feels that her main objective is to garner literary fame and she is not concerned with being historically, socially or politically correct. While reading the book, we are thus treated to Isabels views and then we read her husbands comments and views on her writing. This allows for a ninefold perspective presentation and the nature of characters becomes more engrossing than the story that they are both trying to furcate in their own way.It has been argued that the dual narrative serves certain higher purposes than simply telling us the dual viewpoints on the story. The dual narrative has been construed as a metaphor for colonization1. Rosarios books usually deal with the conflicts plaguing her native land Puerto Rico, the major one being whether to remain independent or become a dismantle of the US. In the book, through dual narrative, Rosario attempts to bring out this conflict. Isabel, the writers alter ego, represents Puerto Rico while her husband represents the dominating influence of the US. Thus multiple perspectives enable the writer to demonstrate Puerto Ricos quest for identity and her constant struggle against foreign dominance.Another interesting characteristic of the book is the imagination that is used to illustrate certain finer points2. Right from the first scene, where there is a confrontation between the boy serenading Isabel and her fianc Quintin, we have a glimpse into the upstanding characters that we will encounter further on in the book. It also illustrates that Quintin has a violent streak. The relationships between the characters are brought out later in the book. Especially discernable is the marital discord between Quintin and Isabel over the issue of her novel which Quintin feels paints his family black. Later in the book, we are provided with another extremely vivid scene which portrays the reason why Isabel is so haunted by her other(prenominal). Isabels mother was forced to have an abortion by her grandmother.This abortion was probably botched and the description of the scene from the baby birds point of view sends shivers down the readers spine. The gory details such as the pool of blood, the unconscious mother and the dropping of the doll are all images which haunt the reader as much as they must have haunted the young girl. It not only tells us of Isabels miserable past but also provides us an understanding of the person she is in the present and why. It also helps us to identify with her dream of making it big as she wishes to melt down the drudgery that her female ancestors went through.Also noteworthy in the novel is the daydreams that Isabel indulges herself with. Her past is so woebegone that she tries to absorb herself in passionate pursuits of her dreams and reveries. These reveries lull us into a false sense of security until the silence before the storm breaks with a sh attering incident. This sense of the unexpected renders the narrative far from banal. The most interesting of her satisfaction and indulgence appears towards the end of the story when she enrolls into a ballet school to fulfill her passion.This dream, like that of becoming a famous writer, reveals Isabels desire for fame. She enjoys her dancing lessons vastly and we are again forced to expect some happiness coming her way. However, our hopes are shattered brutally by the public display of pedophilia as the curtain opens at the wrong time during her stage performance. Again, Isabel finds herself abused and unhappy. The ending of the story is thus somewhat tragic and in sync with the mood of the whole story.In conclusion, it must be said that a subject as ordinary as the relation of family history is made extraordinary by the dainty style of Rosario Ferre and her unique writing style including the double narratives, the imagery and the reveries. Her strong characters help us unders tand human psyche and also provide insight into the actual political and social problems of Puerto Rico through the characters. In the end, the novel turns out to be more than a story of marital discord or a narration of family history. It helps us to understand history, politics, sociology, psychology and also literature. Few novels are able to achieve such high purpose.WORKS CITEDThe House on the Lagoon, Luke Lecheler, http//voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Critique/review_fiction/house_on_the_lagoon_the_by_rosario_ferre.htmlRosario Ferre http//voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/ferre_rosario.htmlReading Guide The House On the lagoon, Penguin Group USA, http//us.penguingroup.com/static/rguides/us/house_on_the_lagoon.html1 Rosario Ferre http//voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/ferre_rosario.html2 The House on the Lagoon, Luke Lecheler, http//voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Critique/review_fiction/house_on_the_lagoon_the_by_rosario_ferre.html

Marketing Plan For Persil Cleaner Planet Plan Marketing Essay

Marketing Plan For Persil Cleaner satellite Plan Marketing EssayWith the recent invigorated chess opening of the Persil Cleaner Planet Plan being foremost in the companies mind http//www.persil.com/CleanerPlanet.aspx the important objectives of the plan are to be the focal point of this marketing plan. The learning of a new product which is environmentally friendly, kind on skin, yet tough on stains is going to alter the achievement of these objectives.With the continuous introduction of re-usable table napkin schemes throughout the world it can be seen that there is a potential market for a product that can meet the pauperisms of consumers.In pitch to reduce the carbon footprint through the use of re-usable nappies a product has to be introduced that can wash at low temperatures. Previous research has shown that in order to benefit from the use of re-usable nappies compared to disposable ones certain factors leave to be taken into account when washing e.g. low temperature , full load etc.The main purpose of this new product shall be the washing of re-usable nappies and clothes at as lower temperate as possible.To ensure success in achieving the objectives specialized marketing strategies give be used in the marketing plan process these are segmentation, targeting and the marketing mix, all of which give establish the products potential.Cleaner Planet PlanTacticsSegmentationTo establish the target market for the new product the use of demographic segmentation will be adopted. This will enable the company to clench specific consumers and help to understand their needs.A variable of demographic segmentation to consider is Generation X as they could prove to be a potential target market for the product, although getting the message across to them will be difficult and will need to be done via intelligence of mouth.TargetingThe product is to be mainly aimed at new parents the recent baby boom will create significant opportunities, whilst also targeti ng existing consumers who care astir(predicate) the environment and the affect of global warming.With the initial use of penetration pricing the new product will be accessible to those consumers who wish to change from their authorized brand to a more environmentally friendly one and will attract parents keen on the idea of using re-usable nappies but concerned almost the initial outlay, as this can often be quite expensive.Marketing mix 4PsThe four strategies of the marketing mix will be used to reach the companies objectives.ProductIn using the concept of benefit building figure 1(LearnMarketing.net, 2009) as devised by Philip Kotler the company can begin to get an overall stamp of the product and its benefits.Figure 1http//www.learnmarketing.net/totalproduct1.jpgThe new product is to be named Persil Nature, an environmentally friendly, non-biological, hypo-allergenic washing powder with added Aloe Vera. It is to be made from plant and mineral based ingredients that are biodeg radable.Persil Natures core function is to enable the washing of re-usable nappies and clothes at a temperature of 15c or better still cold water.It will be packaged in a biodegradable cardboard box with a pull out pouring spout. Preference is to be given to cardboard as oppose to charge plate as the opportunities for recycling from home are far greater. It will be available in pack sizes of 850g, 2.38kg and 4.25kg.The labelling will have the typical Persil branding and will display a top tips section with advice on the best ways of washing, drying etc. to further promote the environmental issues. There will also be information to direct consumers to the companys Cleaner Planet Plan website.It shall come with a money back guarantee if consumers are not entirely satisfied with the product. worthThe penetration pricing strategy will be used to encourage consumers to use the product. An introductory price will be used in the offset printing few weeks of the launching of the new produ ct. This initial price shall be in line with other biological products in the companies range.The price will then be increase in line with other similar products on the market, with special attention been paid to the companies close competitors. Table 1 below shows the introductory and increased prices for each pack sizeTable 1Pack sizeIntroductory priceIncreased price850g3.494.492.38kg6.997.994.25kg10.9911.99The price will constantly be reviewed in order to achieve the maximum potential of the product and strategies put in place where relevant.PromotionA wide variety of marketing campaigns will be undertaken to reach the target market. The use of TV, radio and the web will help to promote the product to a wider audience. Advertisements will be placed in newspapers and magazines and promotional leaflets will also be used.The company will work in partnership with local councils, hospitals through midwives and nurseries to promote re-usable nappy schemes and also the new product. Part nership will also take place with re-usable nappy companies, with money-off coupons being placed on nappy products and vice versa.PlaceThe product will need to be in the right place at the right time. This process will need to be carefully planned as bad quantify can have a significant impact on whether a new product succeeds or fails in the world of fast moving consumer goods. distribution will be made through retailers as there is a strong market presence already there and they are able to have a more personal relationship with consumers.

Diversity and Structure of the Construction Industry

Diversity and Structure of the Construction Industry1.1 IntroductionThis chapter illustrates how unique, huge, diverse and enormously complex is the winding fabrication. This application for the most part constitutes of enterprises and professionals whose primary objective is to build communities, roads, schools, homes, business line, hospitals and including its maintenance. The plait process consists of many activities, right from the onset of the befuddle figure and right through its implementation, maintenance, refurbishment, and goes up to the eventual goerning of its buildings or in some opposite words, the whole liveness cycle of the project. This constancy therefore require a wide range of suppliers, avowers and including patch uprs of hooeys and components to carry come out its activities. The industry had motleyd a carry on in its complexness oer time, entirely the objective of the industry remains basic everyy the same as it was 100 years ago.However, the formula industry has a unique structure with very few large establishments that dominate the infrastructure by carrying out works, that produces the majority of the turnover of this industry on a whole. Sears et al. 2008, p.2 state that contractors who vary widely in size and speciality accomplish the plait works. Some contractors choose to con centimerate on a grouchy task or aspect of the construction project and argon therefore referred to as specialty contractors. Others assume broader responsibility for a comprehensive work sheaf and are referred to as main contractor. payable to the alteration present in the industry, the industry is fragmented which is a reality, the reason might be due to the adversarial short-term relationships which causes dissatisfaction within the industry and is therefore a project focused relationship. more thanover, lack of potent conference and implementation may also contribute to the fragmentation of the industry as it leads to signifi a fter partt negative upholds, low productivity, address and time overruns and last-placely end up in conflicts and disputes.The industry also now faces new levels of complexity as it moves forward trying to keep pace with the increasing energy, strong and labour costs which are to a great extend mitigated by the other industries by adopting the new technologies in particular communication and information technology and also advanced management strategies.1.2 OverviewThe industry is considered to be one of the major scotch sectors, which contributes a lot to the gross domestic product of the nation in respect to other industries. Cooke, and Williams, 2009, on p.3 states that the annual output of the UK construction industry is slightly 114 billion, which represents almost 9% of gross domestic product. This industry also underpins the remaining sectors of the economy by providing the essential infrastructure and facilities on which all sectors of the economy depend. correspond to Potts, 2008, on p.3, this construction sector with 11.8 million operatives directly employed makes it Europes largest industrial employer accounting for 7% of total employment and 28% of industrial employment in the EU.There was also a report of the government policies, which was published by BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills business group sector document), stating that the UK construction industry consists of over 250,000 firms employing 2.1 million people in a multitude of roles. The sector is defined as one which embraces the construction materials and products suppliers and producers building services manufacturers, providers and installers contractors, sub-contractors, professionals, advisors and construction lymph nodes and those organisations that are germane(predicate) to the send off, build, operation and refurbishment of buildings.However, construction industry is very different from other manufacturing industries and therefore difficult to achiev e similar performance, mainly due to its degree of singularity in its use, in the size, its location and complexity due to the varied non-uniform working conditions from one project to another. Therefore, it appears to be underperforming when compared to many other industries. Jones, Saad, 2003, on p.12 state that, the diversity of the construction and the variability in the production process has to be reorganised with each new construction project. For each project, a series of decisions has to be interpreted which take into account the clients specific requirements and the context in which the tasks are to be executed. This go off make project outcomes difficult to predict and can result in short and often adversarial relationships.Cox, Townsend, 1998, on p.21 states that the productivity, value for money, and overall client satisfaction in the construction industry are fairly low compared to other industrial sectors. The factors being low and discontinuous demand frequent ch anges in specification inappropriate (contractor and client) natural selection criteria inappropriate allocation of risk short fictional character ineffectual manners of construction poor management inadequate investment an adversarial culture and a fragmented industry structure. In rank to improve the performance of this industry, government had interpreted initiatives and had produced many reports but had not made any impact.1.3 Reports and recommendationsThe publication of major notable reports namely Lathams Report Constructing the Team (1994) and two Egan Reports Rethinking Construction (1998) and Accelerating Change (2002) produced a considerable impact in UKs construction industry and come oned changing its working culture.Constructing the Team by Sir Michael Latham was published in July 1994, the key issues as summarised by Holroyd, 2003, on p.39 are as followsClients have a role in promoting good design which provides value for moneyClients should select the most app ropriate procural get across on the basis of the type of projectEffective design is crucialA modern contract should includeA specific duty for all parties to deal with each otherFirm duties of teamwork so all can share in successA clear definition of the roles and responsibilities of all parties slowly understood language with guidance notesA choice of risk allocationAvoid variations if it is need, price it in advanceEnsure fair, prompt and secure defrayment to all partiesAvoid conflict on site and disputes if any to be resolved speedilyWhen selecting suppliers or tenderers, consideration should be discontinuen toQuality as well as priceA lead managerSensible tender listsNo burdensome qualification proceduresValue for moneyCost in useFactors which determine performance includeAdequacy of safety consideration skill of operativesImproved trainingRelevant professional educationAdequate RD, which is by rights fundedTeamwork on site depends on fair treatment for all partiesThe liabi lity for defects post- end should be properly addressedRethinking Construction by Sir John Egan delivered the report in July 1998 for the success of the construction industry. He opined that while UK construction at its best is excellent, substantial improvements can be made, and it is vital that they are made. The key issues of this report as summarised by Holroyd, 2003, on p.40 are as followsThe UK construction industry needs to improve there should beLess fragmentationIncreased profitabilityMore capital investmentMore investment in RDMore and meliorate trainingDifferentiation between price and costSet targets for improvement and give commitment to the needs of the customer, to quality, and to people the team and the process should be integrated around the product, and management should be committed to improvement throughout the organisationThe construction process should be improved byMore process repetition on projectsIntegrating all team members to use their skills to deliver value to the clientFocus on the end product how best to achieve the desired resultContinuous product improvementImplement projects correctly, suiting the site and the customerPartnering through the supply filamentOnce improvement starts, maintain itImprovement could be accomplished by developing a better culture in the industryProviding decent working conditionsMore and better trainingProduce designs which considers the projects end useStandardise components where possibleImprove regulatory controlsImplement coherent term relationshipsThe National audit office report (2001) Modernising Construction as stated by Cooke, Williams, 2009, on p.11 that a major contributory factor to the poor performance of this industry was the adversarial relationships that existed between the construction firms, consultants and clients and between contractors, subcontractors and suppliers. The report also identified that government departments and agencies to ensure collaboration, integration and va lue for monies in the procurement of construction services.Further, it also suggested that the entire supply chain be integrated and that risk and value must be managed in order to reduce accidents, develop out waste and improve buildability. McGeorge and Palmer 2002 on p.54 cite CIRIAs definition of buildability as the extent to which the design of the building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed building.These reports produced during the various periods had contributed a lot to the growth of the construction industry. Since these reports were published, a changed performance could be clearly noticed in the activities of this industry. The findings of the report had tried to build up a scrap in the construction industry to procure projects that could achieve best value and also help in understanding the balance between quality and whole-life cost of the project.Many more studies on the performance of the construction industry we re also conducted subsequently, which had identified the areas of strength and weakness of the construction industry. According to Jones, Saad, 2003, on p.2, the strength of the industry includes its flexibility and adaptability and its persistent weakness include its fragmented structure and project processes and its adversarial relationships. Furthermore, deficiencies in its performance in relation to customer focus, learning and leadership were revealed when benchmarked against other industries.1.4 Material useThe construction industry is considered one of the major consumers of natural resources mainly the virgin materials from its surrounding surroundings. This will give rise to many environmental issues, which are unsustainable such as depleting natural resources, diminishing the earths biodiversity, and even cause extinction of habitat if we continue the present rate of consumption. As stated by Kelley et al. on p.298 that materials used in buildings account for some 40% of natural resource use, 30% of CO2 emissions and 40% of waste. However, the environmental issues would certainly create a vital impact on the society and then this industry should take earnest attempt to develop a strategy to provide low snow solutions by way of minimising its carbon footprint. In addition, the projects Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) that voluntarily decides to contribute to a better society and a cleaner environment and along with its procurement policy, could contribute to the environmental success.Built environmentThe paper presented by Natural Building Technologies, have quoted One Planet Living material of BioRegional and the World Wide Fund for Nature have shown that if everyone in the world-consumed resources at the same rate that of UK, it would take the equivalent of three planets now to sustain this consumption. Hence, UK and the other western nations urgently need to take radical measures in order to reduce this present rate of consumption of res ources. As we are aware that this planet has only a finite quantity of resources and therefore we in the construction industry should have a moral responsibility to ensure that industry is resourced utilize sustainable techniques. More over the construction industry should also insist on an environmental management system (EMS) accreditation for every project, which could help in continually, modify its environmental performance. An internal EMS audit if periodically conducted would help in checking the effectiveness and delivery capability of the management system.The strategy paper of the UK Government, Building a recrudesce Quality of Life A Strategy for more Sustainable Construction by the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions (2000 b) as summarised by Kelly et al. 2002 on p.296 recognises the importance of sustainable construction and had challenged the construction industry to provide built assets whichCause minimum damage to natural and social environmentsMi nimise the use of resourcesEnhance the quality of lifeWill be acceptable to future generations1.6 NeedsThe working pattern of the society is changing quite an fast and construction industry is known for adapting to change at a faster pace than other industries. Nowadays many people tend to work from home since jobs functions can be remotely performed and is quite feasible. The benefit from working at home helps in the reduction of transport movements, thereby considerably reducing pollution and traffic congestion curiously during the kick hours. It is an eco-friendly option and is to be encouraged. Hence, this working culture would require housing to provide a richlyer quality of life and greater flexibility of adaptable life story and space requirements. Therefore, in majority of existing homes, a need for up gradation would be necessary and a lot more of new homes constructed to halt this new culture in the coming years for which a huge quantity of materials are required by the industry. This results in a heavy material flow. In addition, while designing a sustainable project, selection of materials should be made based on locally and easily available material, in order to reduce the embedded energy cost of transportation. This option would also decrease the carbon footprint of the project.1.7 RegulationsA government publication by energy redeeming(a) trust on the Code for Sustainable Homes New build housing (Relevant to England and Wales), states that the government intends that all new build homes should be zero carbon by the year 2016. Code level 3 is proposed to become the new standards for Building Regulations in England in 2010 and by 2050 the nations entire housing stock will be virtually zero carbon. Clients, who desire to increase value of their project, could insist on the use of sustainable materials in order to acquire higher sustainability rating as mentioned in the BREEAMs inscribe for sustainable homes.These regulations create a lot o f pressure on the project management team if a proper supply chain management technique is not available.. As mentioned in the Code for Sustainable Homes (Annex B Category 3, Materials on p.37), the supply chain management and material stewardship are essential elements of responsible sourcing. Hence, the supply chain manager is to consider the consequence and impacts of using materials by analysing its life cycle (right from the point it was mined or harvested,through manufacture and processing of the material, including its use, reuse and disposed off as waste with no further value), onwards the material is in reality used in the project. However, all tonus used in the project should be 100% legally sourced and 80% for all other assessed materials.1.8 Sustainable sourcing codeFor the London 2012 games, London Organising Committee of the surpassing Games (LOCOG) had prepared a Sustainable Sourcing Code in consultation with industry leaders, sponsors and non-governmental organis ations. It had been reviewing how its sponsorship and procurement activity could achieve the highest possible standards to ensure that the goods and services it procures comply with this code in impacting the sustainability objectives for the 2012 games. This code could be used as a benchmark in the preparation of a similar code of practice by the construction industry.The four core principles of the LOGOs Sustainable Sourcing Code and supporting guidelines on packaging and carbon emissions of products and services originally published in November 2007 and updated in December 2009 are as shown belowResponsible sourcingLabour practicesHealth and SafetyDiversity and inclusionAnimal welfare and TestingAnimal and embed productsTimber and timber productsUse of secondary products materialsReducing wasteRecycled contentPackagingWaste electrical and electronic equipmentMinimising embodied impactsEnvironmental management try of productsTransportLow carbon GamesHealthy materialsRestricted s ubstances and materialsHeavy metals and brominated fire retardants1.9 Controlling material resourcesA material at site is money and is to be prudently handled. The cost of materials constitutes a major portion of the project cost. March 2009, p.139 states that the value of the materials incorporated into a building represent anything from 40 to 60 per cent of the final cost. Therefore, control of materials at site is a crucial element. Materials are not be wasted or lost. For proper control an effective communication between all involved for the project success namely the planning department, purchasing department, the site and the supplier is beta. Responsibilities are to be clearly defined especially in buying of materials within the estimated sum total since efficient buying results in savings, which in turn contributes to the profitability of the contract. Similarly hoarding of materials at site should be discouraged by initiating just in time delivery, but care is to be taken in the selection of material supplier so that the availability of bulk materials is ensured. Therefore, materials management in construction projects is essential for its success.As Cooke and Williams 2009 on p.401 states that an essential component of materials management begins with site layout and planning. Designated areas must be allowed for material memory board in order to reduce waste and damage to materials. Excessive stock of materials is a problem need to be controlled. March 2009, p.139 enumerates the reasons as to why ebullient stock is to be controlledExcessive stocks take up capital which could be better usedTakes up space and absorb further capital for security measure against weatherLikely to be damaged resulting in unnecessary expenditure and possible delay incurred in replacementMay be necessary to ikon handle stock to elsewhere on the site and missing the opportunity to have just in time deliverySite efficiency can be increased by effective material handlin g and result in costly waste reduced. Every project worth more than 250 000 effective from April 2008 should have a Site waste management plan (SWMP), without which it would be a serious criminal offence as mentioned by Cooke and Williams 2009 on p.403 quoting The fresh Neighbourhood and Environment Act 2005 (Section 54 of Part 5).1.10 Whole-life thinkingIn addition, the construction industry need to consider the aspect of whole life cost during the procurement as the project not only consumes sustainable resources, but also generates waste in construction and demolition activities. The procurement of materials for the industry is strongly affected by environmental issues. Greater use of modern methods of construction and off-site prefabrication could be a solution in reducing the total amount of waste generated at site. Hence, the construction industry should strive to develop and implement the new paradigm of the triple bottom line namely environmental, social and economic sust ainability.Green building is an innovative technology and is good to be adopted by construction industry. This approach creates a positive environmental, social and economical impact over the entire life cycle of the project. It is a holistic approach of design and considers its impact on the wider environment and community around it. This technology procures homes, which are durable, save energy, reduce waste and pollution, and promote health and well-being.1.11 procurement methodsOne of the main problems in this industry says Cooke Williams, 2009, on p.4, is that it separates design from production far greater than other industries and is still common despite the deficiencies of traditional procurement and the benefits offered by the newer and more flexible approaches. In traditional method of procurement, the design stage is illogical from production by a tendering period. McGeorge and Palmer, 2002 on p.54, also support this view and quote by comparison with other industries t he separation of the process of design and construction is unique to the construction industry.Construction industry provides successful projects, the outcome of which is increased efficiency, greater borrowing capacity and payback long-term worth. The business objectives should always drive the selection of an appropriate procurement strategy, so as to procure a project to the complete satisfaction of the client. The procurement strategy so selected would depend on many factors namely the client, the risk profile of the client, the cost certainty needed, accountability, flexibility, the type of project, time, funding, market condition, the industries capacity and capability.1.11.1 Projects prioritiesMoreover the factors that are to be considered while analysing a business objectives requirements and their relative priorities as pointed out by Kelly et al., 2002 on p.178 are as listed belowFactors outside the control of the project teamClient resourcesProject characteristicsAbility to make changesRisk managementCost issuesTimingQuality and performanceThe choice of the strategy should ensure that control is maintained over those factors that are grave to the clients perspective of the project.1.11.2 Procurement strategyThe authors also state that the choice of the strategy should ensure that control is maintained over those factors that are of most importance to the client. after a selection is made, a strategic brief will need to be produced defining the clients project and the parameters within which the project must be earn to take the project to a success. Often less importance is imparted to the projects objectives as compared to the primary criteria of time, quality and cost.These three primary parameters form the key criteria in the selection mechanism and are interdependent of each other. Therefore, procurement strategies adopted for the project would not be able to deliver all of them as high priority. For example, fast-track solutions for a project deliver speed and time certainty, whereas the other criteria such as cost certainty and quality may be less achievable. Similarly, in projects where quality or costs are considered to be of top priority, then the other criteria are affected. Hence, if a high priority is imparted in defining the project and especially linking of the prioritisation of objectives to the business case, greater then are the chances of a successful procurement of the project to the entire satisfaction of the client.However, from the clients perspective of a project, time, quality, cost and functionality are important criteria for the success of a project. The client generally prefers the highest quality at the lowest cost and the project being completed in the shortest possible time. As preferably mentioned it is not possible to attain all these parameters together for a given project. Depending upon the clients business objectives, a suitable selection of the procurement strategy should be chosen.1.11.3 Procurement optionIf according to the client, a signature building is required for the project, then a traditional or design-bid-build strategy is an appropriate option for the project. For this project, quality would be very essential but this procurement technique adopts a sequential nature of activities, and therefore has no parallel working activity, which means that, construction could actually begin only after the design is completed as fully as possible. Hence is not suitable option for any fast track projects. However, this option fairly provides with cost certainty and time predicted. The delay experienced in completion of the project might be because considerable time is allowed for the design to take a full shape and thereafter in the preparation of detailed brief and also in the tendering procedures required to be completed before the start of the work. Therefore, an early start of the project would not be possible until the letter of intend is issued, which in turn hav e a knock on effect on the overall cost of the project (price escalation, inflation etc.).Sometimes the client might go in for a functional building where cost implication is to be the lowest and had to be completed before a fixed date. Here in order to meet the business objectives, a design-build procurement technique is quite appropriate, since early certainty of the overall contract price could be obtained. Moreover, as this strategy facilitates overlapping of design and construction, a faster start on site is possible resulting in shorter project duration with greater certainty of meeting the targeted date. Hence, this option is quite suitable for fast track projects but is not suitable for any complex infrastructural projects and also in projects wherein the clients brief is uncertain or inadequate.Alternatively, the client would require procuring a huge and complex infrastructural project with an emphasis on the targeted date of completion. Considering the clients business obj ective, the appropriate procurement route would be construction management, which is best-suited option for fast track and complex construction projects. In this procurement route, the construction work is divided into several packages, which are tendered separately to different experienced and qualified contractors. Hence, in this procurement method design, tendering and construction over lap thereby reducing the overall time of the project whereas there could be price uncertainty until the last package of the work had been awarded to a contractor. Due to the speed in completion, quality of the work would probably be effected and therefore a total quality management team would be required to ensure the quality of work during its progress. Therefore, this procurement route is not suitable for inexperienced clients and for those clients trying to transfer risk to the contractor.Therefore, the procurement strategy developed should fall a balance between risks that could cause an impa ct on the clients business and the projects objectives. Some projects could adopt more than one procurement option for the successful completion of the project as per the clients perspective. Traditional approach may be used in the construction of the shell and core, whereas construction management would be used for the final works. The choices made might differ between clients of various projects depending upon their knowledge and experience of the industry. The scale and diversity of those involved in this industry is too enormous and hence this contributes to enormous pressures on the project teams, to ensure that the project completion is on time, budget and quality.1.12 RiskThe diversity of those involved in the industry namely design engineers, architects, consultants, main and subcontractors, suppliers and constructional managers is huge. However, all those who are involved in this industry throughout the world strive together to establish a strategic framework to meet the bu dgetary and scheduling goals of the project.Time is one of the critical factors in construction industry, which has significant legal consequences. The client sets up rigid start and finishes dates for the project and if the contractor must comply with this period, barring any delay caused due to natural calamities, or lose money by paying the liquidated damages as situated down in the contract document. During the construction process delay in receiving of materials, equipments and services may erode profits.For a successful completion of a project, lot depends on the quality of the subcontractors and suppliers. Therefore, construction organisations should ensure that an appropriate subcontractor is selected. The subcontractors selection process involves many important factors including the evaluation of their capacity and also in performing a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis.The risk faced in construction industry is different from that of other in dustries. This is quite evident while analysing the difference between manufacturing risks and construction risks as indicated by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.2 as shown belowRisk versus reward for the manufacturing sectorRisk versus reward for the construction sectorIn construction industry, the potential for committing mistakes is high and facing problems is magnified by the poor interrelationship that exists between all the entities involved namely, the client, architect, consultant, project manager, contractors and suppliers. The risks, if not mitigated in time, would prove disastrous and hence, recommended to be avoided at an early stage. Construction risks as mentioned by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.3 are as narrated belowInternal financial problemsWorking capital problemsSlow earnings from the clientInferior plans and specificationsInadequate technical capabilitiesInsufficient information technologyLack of communication between the entitiesProductivity inefficienciesWork quality problemsWork method problemsDelivery reliability problemsBulk materials quality problemsAnother notable difference between the manufacturing and construction industry is the probability of calamity while considering the labour element. This can be clearly understood if an improvement curve technique is performed as explained by Benton and McHenry 2010, on p.4 and p.5 for both industries, the figures of which are as shown belowProbability of failure for the manufacturing industryProbability of failure for the construction industryThe improvement curve is exponential and depicts a constant-percentage reduction of labour, which means that, the workers learn how to do their job better as they produce more and more units at a lower production cost. This advantage is accomplished due to the impact of cumulative learning by experience, which is possible in the manufacturing industry.Now considering the construction industry, which is constantly changing its complexity over time, w e can observ

Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Hormone Levels in Males

Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Hormone Levels in MalesIntroductionDi (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of phthalate ester and endocrine- disrupting chemical. It is use as plasticizer in Polyvinyl chloride (premature ventricular contraction) plastics tubing to make PVC plastic tubing more soft and flexible. Animal data show that target organs of exposure to DEHP are the liver, kidneys, lungs, and fruitful transcription. DEHP whitethorn cause contrary takingss of animals productive system such as reduced fertility, decreased spermatogenesis in viriles (Rais-Bahrami, 2004). Phthalate monoesters including mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is the DEHP metabolites. The primary targets of Phthalate monoesters toxicity are Leydig cells (LCs) and sertoli cells (SCs). The function of LCs and SCs is spermatogenesis and testosterone production. The toxi dirty dogt will damage the LCs to decrease the secretion of testosterone, which will affect spermatogenesis and decrease the spe rm count.Food is one of the sources of exposure to DEHP for public (U.S. EPA, 2013). DEHP has been detected in galore(postnominal) foods such as meat, cheese, milk, eggs, cereal products and fish. There is more and more evidence showing that DEHP induce many adverse effectuate on the fruitful system such as procreative endocrine glands included luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and free testosterone (Giuliana G. 2009). As DEHP can cause birth defects or procreative harm, the government of calcium listed DEHP as reproductive toxin in 2003 (Chemical Market Reporter, 2003).In addition to the food intake exposure to DEHP, occupational and environmental are the another sources of exposure to DEHP (Guowei goat god et.al., 2006). It is essential to concern whether high levels of DEHP exposure would affect reproductive hormone levels in male. According to the studies of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National found of Occupationa l Safety and Health, they have found that DEHP can cause birth defects in laboratory rodents (Chemical Market Reporter, 2003). However, only limited studies focus on the affinity mingled with piece reproductive hormone and DEHP exposure (J. Mendiola et.al., 2011). Hence, there are limited evidences to conclude a correlation amongst human reproductive hormone and exposure to DEHP. It is important to find out what chemicals will influence human reproductive hormone because it decides the total number of our offspring.Therefore, based on the related human studies, the effects of DEHP exposure on reproductive hormone levels in male would be discussed.MethodThe aim of the literature search was to find the associations between Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and reproductive hormone levels in male. A board research was first conducted by Medline (EBSCO HOST), Web of Science and ProQuest. The search term Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate/ DEHP AND reproductive hormones was used and exclud ed the term animal.The criteria used to select the studies were as followsThe Studies were primary sources and published within 10 years, 2004-2014.The Studies must be human canvas for adult and NOT animal study.The Studies should address the associations between DEHP and reproductive hormone levels in male.The studies were in good quality, such as in high match factors of 2013.3 main studies met the above criteria for the topic examination. The impact factor on the 3 studies are 3.206 (G. Pan et.al, 2011), 3.206 (J. Mendiola et.al, 2010) and 7.029 (Guowei Pan et.al, 2006). Totally 3 main studies at the end of literature has been searched. The trine chosen studies were cross-sectional study since there are limited long-term studies such as cohort studies and randomized controlled trial (RCT) fulfilled the above criteria.ResultG. Pan et.al. (2011) carried a cross-sectional study to find the dose-response relationship between dose-response relationships between cumulative phthalat e exposure and reproductive hormones in human. 74 male workers occupationally exposed to high levels of DEHP and 63 male construction workers as equivalence root word matched for age and smoking status. The urine and blood were collected from each patient on the same solar day. The authors of study observed a significantly negative correlated between risk of exposure indices (HI) and serum concentrations of free testosterone (fT) in exposed workers (r = -0.195, p = 0.096), but not in unexposed workers.J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) carried a cross-sectional study to find the association between exposures to Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormone levels in men. 425 men were partners of pregnant women who were selected to participant in the study for future day Families (SFF). All men completed a questionnaire and received a physical examination. The questionnaire included the question about demographics, recent fever, history of sexually transmitted disease, forage and as well as lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption. The urine sample was collected within 15 min after(prenominal) the blood was collected. The solution was found that Free Androgen Index (FAI) was significantly associated with the concentration of DEHP metabolites in urine. However, total testosterone levels were no associated with urinary concentration of DEHP metabolites.Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) carried a cross-sectional study to find the effect of occupational exposure to high levels of phthalate esters on the balance of gonadotropin and gonadal hormones, which including LH, FSH, free testosterone (fT), and estradiol. 74 male workers at a factory producing unfoamed PVC flooring exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as exposure group and compared them with samples from 63 male workers from a construction company as parity group matched for age and smoking status. Urine and blood samples were collected from each workers between 800 and 1100 hours on the same day, but not on the first day of the workers work week or the day after a night work shift. The authors of study observed there is significant decrease of serum fT in workers with higher levels of urinary MEHP (DEHP metabolites) compared with unexposed workers. fT was negative association to MEHP (r = -0.19, p = 0.095) in the exposed group.DiscussionStudy DesignThe three studies are a cross-sectional study. The limitations of cross-sectional studies are it cannot establish a temporal relationship and reflect the causal relationship between high levels of DEHP and the reproductive hormone levels in male. It only can provide a possible risk factor for reproductive hormones for set ahead study.The three studies both have antithetical advantages and disadvantages. The sample size of the study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011) is relative small. They are all less than 100 people in exposed group and analogy group. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) has relative large sample size (N=425) but it does not contain a affinity group.The study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011) only investigated the throw effect of the influence of occupational exposure to DEHP. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) also only investigated the confounding effect of the influence of environmental exposure to DEHP. They did not considered the confounding effect of the influence of food intake exposure to DEHP.Study populationRandomization is a basic and essential technique to avoid selection bias in Epidemiology Study and It can show better association between exposure and outcome is true or not.However, the participants of three studies are not strictly random. It may cause false association between high exposure of DEHP and male reproductive hormone. In the study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011), the authors wanted to compare the reproductive hormone levels between exposed gro up and comparison group. Therefore, they selected exposed group in a factory producing unfoamed PVC flooring and using DEHP as plasticizers and comparison group in a construction company. The authors can ensure the exposed group was exposed to DEHP by dermal contact and/ or through break up inhalation in their work. A comparison group who without occupational exposure to DEHP and matched for age and smoking status to exposed group. The comparison group can financial aid authors to exclude other factors that may influence reproductive hormone levels in male in addition to DEHP exposure.The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) did not contain a comparison group. All the participants were conducted in the study for Future Families and at prenatal clinics affiliated with university hospital in five United States cities.Exposure assessmentThe concentration of MEHP and reproductive hormone were determined by using different methods. Both methods have advantages and limitations.Table 1 The methods used to determine the concentration of MEHPThree studies used sympathetic method to determine the urinary concentrations of DEHP metabolites. Thus, the urinary DEHP metabolite concentration of three studies will not have significant difference.Table 2 The methods used to measure the levels of reproductive hormoneThe advantages of using radio immunoassay are high sensitivity and highly specific. However, using radioimmunoassay method is very dangerous because it uses radiolabelled reagents. Thus, the labs require particularly trained person and special license to handle radioactive material. The following methods have less dangerous than radioimmunoassay.Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is it has been applied broadly to the clinical diagnosis and environmental analysis. It can show the result quickly because it does not require long incubation time (Ayio, K. 2010). Also, CLIA has high specificity and relatively simple and inexpensive instrumentation (J.L.S. ARAJO-FILHO et.al 2011). An electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) procedure was based on solid-phase sandwich immunoassay method. Thus, ECLIA has the superior sensitivity to determine plasma and urine sample (Xiao-yan, C. 2013).The advantages of TR-IFMA are higher sensitivity out-of-pocket to lower background values, higher specificity as only intact molecules of FSH and LH can be measured. (Van Casteren JI et.al 2000)Result analysisThe result of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) in addition to showing the relationship between reproductive hormone in male and the concentration of DEHP metabolite (N=425), it also found some factors such as age, corpse Mass Index (BMI) and smoking etc may influence the reproductive hormone in male. Therefore, J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) had done multivariate analysis for reproductive hormone in male and the concentration of DEHP metabolite (N=363) to control for factors such as age, BMI and smoking states etc. It can increase the accuracy of the studies. Although the study did not contain a comparison group, J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) tried consistent the factors found in the questionnaire of participants to minimize the influence of confounding factors to the data analysis.G. Pan et.al. (2011) was using hazard indices (HI) to show the result. The hazard index is the sum of hazard quotients. The ratio of hazard index is compared to 1.0. If the ratio is less than 1, then the systemic effects are assumed not to be of concern if the hazard quotient is great than 1, then the systemic effects are assumed to be of concern (U.S. EPA, 2012). It is more easily to show the result and indicate whether DEHP exposure as the concern factors for reproductive hormone to public and epidemiology.In addition to showing the relationships between serums free Testosterone in workers and the exposure to high levels of DEHP, Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) also compared the demographic characteristics including age, uniting status, smoking and alcohol consumption and p lastic material contact of exposed group (N=74), comparison group (N=63) and all the workers (N=137). Also, all the results of this study were compared to exposed group and comparison group. The result can be shown the different of reproductive hormone levels between exposed group and comparison group easily.Limitation of studiesThe data and result of the three studies were limited by using a single urine and blood/serum samples to determine the levels of DEHP and hormone. It may cause a bias in spot sampling because the result is not reflecting average hormone levels. The endogenous serum LH and FSH concentration had significant change by assessing in different time. The urine samples only reflect the recent exposure to DEHP because phthalates have short half-lives.Also, the concentration of DEHP in three studies was based on the concentration of urinary metabolites of DEHP (MEHP). Therefore, the concentration of DEHP may be not the real concentration of participants.ConclusionThe result of three study indicate that there are adverse effects of high levels of DEHP exposure on reproductive hormone levels in male. However, there is no clear evidence to prove a causal relationship between high levels of DEHP and the reproductive hormone levels in male because cross-sectional studies cannot reflect the causal relationship between them. High level of DEHP can as an investigative target included in long term studies such as cohort study and randomized controlled trial of reproductive hormone levels in male. The further research is required to prove that high levels of DEHP exposure will decrease the reproductive hormone levels in human.

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

Throughout the book it is obvious that there are characteristics that Mark coupling either detests and despises, or respects and values them. Twain quite obviously is making fun of the undesirable characteristics such as the natural curiosity of people and also the greed for money. Although there are not many values that he respects, there is one that is shown in this book, friendship.It is natural to show curiosity towards something but Mark Twain despises this characteristic and pokes fun at it. The biggest example of this trait is shown when the King and Duke are pulling a con on people with the Royal Nonesuch. The sign used to get people to have intercourse to the show was the first innocent sign of natural curiosity, by saying that women and children would not be admitted. The whole performance was to have King streak across the stage colored with the bright colors of the rainbow. People only laughed at first but then suddenly realized that they had been scammed out of their money. Since they did not unavoidableness to look like fools they told people that the show was great and to go and see it. They pulled it off three times total before people caught on and were sack to start to rebel against the King and Dukes show. The audience was so intrigued by their flier that they showed up anyways. That shows peoples natural curiosity. Mark Twain satirizes this ensuant and makes fun of how curious people really are. The peoples curiosity ultimately led them to losing their money and their embarrassment made them decide not report other citizens about how their curiosity caused them to lose their 50 cent admission price. That is the reason behind why Twain despises curiosity.A second and much worsened characteristic that Twain hates is peoples general greediness. Mark Twain starts mentioning greediness very early in the book when he talks about Hucks father, pablum. When Huck found out that spoon food was alive, the first thing he went to do was give Ju dge Thatcher his $6000, because he knew his father would want it all. The greediness of Pap has caused his own son to hide his money from him so he will not take it, showing the lack of respect in their relationship. Even when Pap runs into Huck immediately he asks him is how much money he had on him, and Huck had to hand it over.

Dickens Ideas On Gentility As Shown Through Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Dickens criticized the field of his own time because it valued the status of being a gentleman over someone doing a reclaimable job. Those who thought they were gentlemen often mocked ordinary citizens. Show how he achieved these aims through the language used and his description of the way Pip and the other characters behaved in the novel. In his many literary works, Dickens strong sense of right and wrong, and his recognition of the many injustices present in Victorian Society are clearly displayed. There is no better an example of these strong set of ideals then those portrayed in his novel, Great Expectations, which tells the story of Pip, a young boy who is initially fooled into believing that square wealth is a substitute for the real moral values a gentleman should posses. However, through the many trials and tribulations he is forced to go through, he is finally able to identify what it means to be a "true gentleman", one that has acquired true wealth and value. It is only then that he is able to have the real meaning behind Matthew Pockets wise words, that"No man was not a true gentleman at heart, ever was since the world began, a true gentleman in manner." (page 175) In Dickens novel, societys idea of a gentleman is perceived as someone of large(p) affluenceand breeding, who did not necessarily posses the moral values and graces a true gentleman should have. After his initial visit to Satis House, Pip was infatuated by Estellas beauty, wealth, and self importance. He allowed himself to be degraded by her scornful references to his "coarse hands", and "thick boots", not realizing at this point that these factors are unimportant on the route to becoming a true gentleman. At that very moment, he deludes himself into believing that if he were to meet Estellas interpretations of gentlemanly conduct, that she would regard him as her equal. Unfortunately, he completely fails to recognize the true moral values present i n Joe and Biddy, and is attracted instead by a fantasized version of Miss Havishams and Estellas lifestyles. He sees his visit to Satis House as the first link in the long chain of events which will lead to his eventually becoming a gentleman.     Dickens leaves the reviewer with no doubt that position and rank were major contributory factors as to how a person was regarded in Victorian society.